响应曲面法中BBD和CCD在优化巯基乙酰化壳聚糖制备条件中的比较

以壳聚糖(CTS)和巯基乙酸为主要原料,通过酰胺化反应将巯基引入到CTS高分子链上,制备出高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化壳聚糖(MACTS)。以含Cd(II)水样为考察目标,采用响应曲面法中的BBD和CCD实验对MACTS的制备条件进行优化,从残差分析、方差分析、响应面分析和优化条件等方面对BBD法和CCD法进行比较。结果表明,BBD法和CCD法建立的二次多项式模型回归性分别为显著和非常显著,模型选择均合理;BBD法和CCD法拟合模型的决定系数R2分别为0.871 0、0.919 7,模型相关性均较好;通过BBD法和CCD法优化制备条件后的MACTS处理含Cd(II)水样,Cd(II)的最低剩余浓度分别为0.83、0.76 mg·L-1。在优化MACTS的制备条件上采用CCD法更优于BBD法。     

用稻壳硅源水热合成P型分子筛的研究

利用稻壳中丰富的氧化硅为硅源,以Al(OH)3为外加铝源,采用水热法合成P型分子筛.通过实验得到制备P型分子筛的最佳条件:硅铝摩尔比(SiO2/A12O3)为5.6,钠硅摩尔比(Na2O/SiO2)为1.43,水钠摩尔比(H2O/Na2O)为18.3,反应温度为85℃,反应时间为24 h.X射线衍射(XRD)与扫描电镜...     

响应面法优化聚磷硫酸铁的制备及其应用

采用单因素实验方法,针对制备聚磷硫酸铁(PPFS)的主要影响因素加以分析,包括酸度(nH2SO4/nFe2+、碱化度和nPO34-/nFe2+等。以生活污水中总磷(TP)的去除率为考察对象,采用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析方法对主要影响因素加以优化,得到了二次响应曲面模型以及优化的水平值。结果表明,当把PPFS用于生活污水中TP的去除时,其最佳制备参数如下所列:酸度为0.1017,碱化度为12.21%,nPO34-/nFe2+为0.0560。通过回归分析,模型拟合性良好,在优化制备条件下得到的TP去除率预测值与实验值接近,误差为1.26%。     

改进型生物质阴离子交换纤维制备及吸附性能

用氢氧化钠水溶液预处理,以乙二胺作交联剂,采用环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺对网状植物丝瓜络纤维进行化学改性,制备出改性丝瓜络阴离子交换纤维(LS-AEF),重点探讨了LS-AEF的形态特征并对其形态特征进行了表征分析,还考察了碱预处理对产品吸附水体中的NO-3的影响。研究结果表明,(1)LS-AEF引入带正电的胺基基团,可以提高对NO-3的吸附性能;(2)乙二胺剂量对产品吸附性能影响比较大,最佳剂量为9 mL,吸附率达到75%;(3)碱性预处理能够显著提高产品的吸附性能,碱处理前后的产品吸附率分别为76%和85%;(4)吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程。     

响应曲面优化法合成CTMAB-膨润土吸附剂

采用响应曲面优化法(RSM)对CTMAB-膨润土废水处理吸附剂进行合成制备研究。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)为有机插层改性剂,通过该法设计得到了有机改性膨润土插层改性的最佳优化条件:CTMAB用量19.5%,反应温度70.5℃,反应时间1.8 h,pH 6.7,DDVP去除率94%,同时得到了合成该吸附剂的二次经验拟合模型(R2=0.9757)。通过验证性实验,发现在模型提供的最优水平下,有机膨润土对DDVP的平均去除率(92.6%)与预测最优值(94%)相吻合,表明所选模型准确、可靠。该方法为改性膨润土吸附剂的合成及其在废水处理和环境修复中的应用提供了依据。     

类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化水解羰基硫的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列的类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化剂,利用正交实验设计对催化剂的制备条件进行了优化,研究了金属组合、合成pH、M2+/M3+、二价金属比、焙烧温度和晶化温度等6个因素对羰基硫催化水解过程中催化剂硫容的影响。结果表明,金属组合、二价金属比和焙烧温度的影响极其显著(p=99%),晶化温度的影响显著(p=95%),合成pH与M2+/M3+对催化剂活性影响不显著(p=90%)。在设定实验条件下,金属组合取Co-Ni-Al、合成pH为9,M2+/M3+为3,二价金属比1,焙烧温度取350℃,晶化温度50℃时制得的催化剂具有最高的催化活性。对最佳制备条件下得到的催化剂进行了重复性实验以及XRD表征,结果表明制备的催化剂的硫容为7.10 g硫/g催化剂,Co3O4可能是其活性中心。     

响应面中心组合设计法优化制备载磁活性炭

采用浸渍-碱性微波法制备载磁粉末活性炭。基于单因素实验,选定制备过程影响较显著的3个因素∶铁盐比例(n(Fe3+)∶n(Fe2+))、微波功率、微波时间,分别以碘吸附值和饱和磁化强度为响应值,通过中心组合设计及响应面分析优化制备条件。利用Design-Expert软件联合分析2个响应值的回归模型,优化得出载磁活性炭制备条件:铁盐比为1.4,微波时间为2 min,微波功率为625 W。通过对比测试不同优化条件下载磁活性炭的孔结构和磁性能,验证了优化过程的可靠性。     

合成聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁的正交实验研究

研究了用硅酸钠、硼砂、硫酸镁和硫酸铁为原料，制备聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁（PSBMFS）混凝剂的方法及合成条件。通过正交实验，考查了硅酸活化pH值、缩聚反应时间和陈化时间等合成条件；同时考察了B/Si摩尔比、Mg/Si摩尔比和Fe/Si摩尔比等影响因素。结果表明：PSBMFS具有良好的混凝性能和脱色效果，能有效去除印染废水中的色度和COD，2种污染因子的去除率分别可达95.9%和67.9%。     

聚硅基复合氯化铁絮凝剂的制备及其在采油废水处理中的应用

采用硅酸钠制备聚硅酸,探讨了活化pH、活化剂、硅酸钠浓度(以SiO_2质量分数计)及聚合温度等因素对聚硅酸稳定性的影响.利用聚硅酸及氯化铁制备聚硅基复合氯化铁(PSiF),并通过正交试验分析了活化pH、Si/Fe(摩尔比)、OH/Fe(摩尔比)、制备时间对PSiF絮凝性能的影响.综合考虑絮凝性能、稳定性以及经济性等因素,确定PSiF适宜的制备条件为SiO_2质量分数2%～3%;活化pH为2～3;Si/Fe为0.50～0.75;OH/Fe为0.50～0.75;制备时间为0.5 h;聚合温度低于25℃.对比PSiF、PAC、FeCl_3对采油废水的处理效果,PSiF除浊、除COD效果以及经济性最好,是一种应用前景广阔的新型絮凝剂.     

高分子絮凝剂SSXA的合成工艺及其在含Cu2+ 废水处理中的应用

以淀粉(ST)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、NaOH、CS2为原料,以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂合成一种新型的高分子絮凝剂--可溶性淀粉基黄原酸酯-聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(SSXA).以SSXA去除Cu2+性能为依据确定最佳合成条件.结果表明,AM:ST=4:1(摩尔比),ST:NaOH:CS2=2:4:3(摩尔比),黄原酸酯化反...     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。