光照度对蓝藻垂直迁移特性影响研究

通过水柱和摇瓶试验研究了蓝藻细胞胞内碳水化合物含量及蓝藻细胞在水体中的垂直分布对光照度变化的响应。结果表明,水柱试验中,在无光照和光照度为5000lx的条件下,铜绿微囊藻出现明显的表面浮聚现象,经过24h后,表层的藻细胞数分别占总藻细胞数的47%和26%;水柱试验中,在不同光照条件下,铜绿微囊藻胞内碳水化合物含量都呈现出表层低、底层高的现象;摇瓶试验中,水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻胞内碳水化合物含量对光照度的变化有很好的响应,光照度适量时,胞内碳水化合物含量上升,光照度不足或者过高时,胞内碳水化合物含量下降;光照度的变化能够在短时间内引起蓝藻细胞胞内碳水化合物含量变化,改变蓝藻细胞密度,从而影响到蓝藻细胞在水体中的垂直分布。     

高锰酸钾对藻细胞及胞外有机物的控制效果

以假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)和颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)等蓝藻(Cyanobacteria sp.)为优势藻群的深圳石岩水库水样为对象,研究高锰酸钾在氧化过程中藻细胞活性、胞外有机物DOC浓度、胞外溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光特性变化,以及高锰酸钾预氧化强化混凝除藻和去除有机物的效果。在荧光显微镜下观察到,低浓度(0~1.5 mg·L~(-1))高锰酸钾对藻细胞的灭杀效果并不明显。较高浓度(5 mg·L~(-1))高锰酸钾则对藻细胞结构有一定程度的破坏,藻细胞的总数减少了28%。研究发现,高锰酸钾能够氧化藻细胞使其释放胞内物质,投加1.5mg·L~(-1)后胞外2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)与土臭素(GSM)浓度均有所升高。在高锰酸钾氧化过程中,胞外DOC和DOM荧光总量随氧化时间的延长均呈降低-升高-降低的趋势;5 mg·L~(-1)的高锰酸钾氧化10 min时就会引起芳香性蛋白质类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质的升高。高锰酸钾能够有效强化混凝去除藻类和有机物,聚合氯化铝(PAC)最优投加量为3 mg·L~(-1),高锰酸钾最优投加量为0.6 mg·L~(-1)。     

超声波强化给水污泥沉降和脱水性能的研究

就超声波强化给水污泥沉降和脱水性能进行了研究.通过对SV、比阻和滤饼含水率等指标的分析发现,短时间的超声预处理可以明显改善污泥的沉降和脱水性能,且低频(25 kHz)比高频(147.9 kHz)时效果更好.当超声波声密度0.25 W/mL,超声时间3 s时,污泥滤饼含水率比原污泥下降4.7%.最佳超声波声密度0.45 W/mL.短时间超声条件下,超声波与絮凝剂的联用可以进一步降低污泥滤饼含水率,且达到相同滤饼含水率时可减少絮凝剂用量约80%,投资费用大大减小.超声波可以取代絮凝剂促进污泥的沉降性能.     

超声波强化给水污泥沉降和脱水性能的研究

就超声波强化给水污泥沉降和脱水性能进行了研究.通过对SV、比阻和滤饼含水率等指标的分析发现,短时间的超声预处理可以明显改善污泥的沉降和脱水性能,且低频（25 kHz）比高频（147.9 kHz）时效果更好.当超声波声密度0.25 W/mL,超声时间3 s时,污泥滤饼含水率比原污泥下降4.7%.最佳超声波声密度0.45 W/mL.短时间超声条件下,超声波与絮凝剂的联用可以进一步降低污泥滤饼含水率,且达到相同滤饼含水率时可减少絮凝剂用量约80%,投资费用大大减小.超声波可以取代絮凝剂促进污泥的沉降性能.     

中国首艘超声除藻船在常州下水

由多家企业、科研单位联合研制的我国第一艘具有完全自主知识产权的超声除藻船舶“大友之星01号”日前在常州正式下水启用，将为规模化治理蓝藻提供新的途径。这种超声除藻船舶采用了低功率（0．5～50．0w）“超声空化除藻”这一具有自主知识产权的新技术，可在30～600s内，以低功率超声辐射破坏藻细胞内的气泡，使藻细胞生物活性消失，降低水体中藻细胞的浓度，同时不会导致藻细胞粉碎性破坏而释放毒素。     

超声波降解四环素类抗生素废水

采用超声波降解模拟废水中四环素类抗生素(TCs):土霉素(OTC)、四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC),考查废水初始浓度、初始pH、超声波输入功率密度、曝气量和自由基清除剂(正丁醇)对降解效率的影响。结果表明,超声波可以快速高效地降解废水中的TCs,CTC最易被降解,TC和OTC次之;在OTC、TC和CTC初始浓度0.25 mg/L,初始pH=8.2,声功率密度1.2 W/mL,气水体积比30∶1的条件下,超声波辐照20 min后去除率分别达到76.8%、84.0%和94.4%。在实验研究条件下,TCs去除率均随初始浓度(0.25~2.00 mg/L)的增大而降低,但总去除浓度升高;碱性条件有利于TCs降解,去除率随初始pH(6~11)升高而升高;功率密度(0.24~1.96 W/mL)越高,TCs去除率也越高;曝气后TCs的去除率明显升高,随着气水比(10∶1~60∶1)的增大,去除率逐渐上升;正丁醇有效抑制TCs超声波降解,可推断TCs主要降解途径为自由基氧化。TCs超声波降解过程符合伪一级动力学反应特征。     

壳聚糖-纳米金属絮凝剂絮凝沉降水华蓝藻研究

研究了壳聚糖与纳米钛、纳米铁或妫水湖沉积物絮凝剂絮凝沉降水华蓝藻的效果。结果表明:在壳聚糖浓度为3 mg/L情况下,与妫水湖沉积物和纳米钛相比,纳米铁絮凝沉降蓝藻细胞的效果最好,在10 min内可以絮凝沉降79.5%以上的水华蓝藻细胞。进一步研究显示,在pH值为5~9的范围内,随着pH值的降低,絮凝沉降藻细胞的效率逐渐提高,pH值为5时10 min内可以絮凝去除89.6%以上的水华蓝藻细胞,具有重要的研究价值与应用价值。     

浓缩湖泊蓝藻液的加压混凝沉淀处理

为了提高蓝藻液浓缩效率,降低能耗,采用外加压力压破蓝藻气囊,使蓝藻失去气囊浮力易于混凝沉淀分离。采用中试实验研究了加压混凝浓缩蓝藻液的技术方法,优化了工艺参数,并进行了经济分析。结果表明,在原藻液含水率99.4%~99%时,最佳的混凝剂(PAC)投加量与干藻质量比为1/20,最佳的助凝剂(PAM)投加量与干藻质量比为1/1 500。浓缩后出水浊度在1~5 NTU之间,出水叶绿素a在10 mg·m~(-3)以内,浓缩藻泥含水率都小于97%,原藻液浓缩了3.52~5.51倍。加压破蓝藻气囊能耗0.008 k W·h·m~(-3),比现有高速旋转法破蓝藻气囊工艺节省能耗0.6 k W·h·m~(-3)。     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究简

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究，实验采用的浮式围栏引导-机械清除-投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大，除藻效率高，筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想，藻泥含水率仅为89%。2011年5—10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻，共处理富藻水1.6万m³，得到藻泥970 t，累计清除蓝藻106.7 t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算，相当于从湖中移除了氮6.25 t，磷2.1 t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时，采用上述方法除藻，对控制蓝藻水华污染，有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究，实验采用的浮式围栏引导一机械清除．投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大，除藻效率高，筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想，藻泥含水率仅为89％。2011年5-10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻，共处理富藻水1．6万m3，得到藻泥970t，累计清除蓝藻106．7t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算，相当于从湖中移除了氮6．25t，磷2．1t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时，采用上述方法除藻，对控制蓝藻水华污染，有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.