日本污水脱氮除磷深度处理工艺分析

为提高进入琵琶湖水体水质和有效恢复并保持琵琶湖流域水生态环境,日本滋贺县10家下水道污水处理厂全部采用脱氮除磷深度处理工艺。湖南中部净化中心目前规模为26.85万t/d,采用缺氧-好氧循环硝化/反硝化(AO)、厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)和多段进水多级缺氧-好氧硝化/反硝化(SMAO)3种深度处理工艺。AAO工艺是国内城镇污水处理厂广泛采用的二级生化工艺,AO、SMAO工艺在国内还没有应用实例。AO、AAO工艺采用内循环硝化/反硝化反应脱氮,SMAO工艺采用无内循环的多段进水多级硝化/反硝化反应脱氮。AO、SMAO工艺采用化学方式除磷,PAC添加浓度约50mg/L。AAO工艺采用化学和生物组合方式除磷,PAC添加浓度降低到约30 mg/L。AO、AAO工艺出水BOD、CODMn、SS、TN和TP均值分别约为0.9 mg/L、5.2 mg/L、1 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和0.06 mg/L,相应的去除率约为99.5%、94.2%、99.5%、78.0%和98.1%。SMAO工艺出水TN约为2.5 mg/L,TN去除率提高到91.6%,其他指标和AO、AAO工艺基本相同。     

高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

A/O工艺膜生物反应器处理生活污水的脱氮特性及硝化菌群的分子检测

采用A/O工艺膜生物反应器(MBR),以生活污水为处理对象,考察了系统的脱氮特性,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)与荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对系统中硝化菌群进行了分子检测.结果表明,A/O工艺MBR处理生活污水,TN去除率在85%左右,NH3-N去除率在95%以上;DGGE图谱显示,随着系统运行时间的延长,硝化菌群数量逐渐增加,并且不同菌种的丰度也发生了变化;FISH检测显示,系统中硝化菌的优势菌种为氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌.应用Motic Fluo 1.0软件对FISH结果进行分析,结果显示,系统运行初期到末期,氨氧化菌占硝化菌的比例一直保持在25%左右;亚硝酸氧化菌占硝化菌的比例由系统运行初期的35%逐渐增加到系统运行末期的55%左右.     

ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷微生物群落特征分析

为了揭示ABR-MBR组合工艺中反硝化除磷微生物种群演替规律,采用Miseq高通量测序技术考察了该工艺在不同运行阶段除磷功能区的微生物群落结构。结果表明,硝化液回流比逐步从150%提升至300%可促进反硝化除磷菌大量富集,促进系统的启动和稳定运行;系统在运行过程中始终保持较高的微生物多样性;优势微生物种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主,最大丰度分别为55.13%和7.76%,且变形菌门功能性微生物主要集中在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria);功能性除磷菌属主要为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);其中在逐步提升硝化液回流比过程中气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)被大量富集,其在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria)的相对丰度由5.30%上升至41.49%并在系统后续运行中维持主导地位。系统除磷效果与功能性除磷微生物相对丰度的变化密切相关。系统中微生物种群的多样性和功能微生物的结构稳定性为ABR-MBR工艺的稳定运行和高效处理提供了保证。     

典型工业污染物对好氧反硝化菌群脱氮性能及群落结构的影响

针对工业废水中的典型污染物影响城镇污水生物脱氮系统正常运行的问题,以富集筛选到的好氧反硝化菌群为研究对象,深入研究了工业废水中的典型污染物(包括NaCl、Cr(Ⅵ)和TC等)对好氧反硝化菌群的影响机理。结果表明:NaCl、Cr(Ⅵ)和TC均会抑制好氧反硝化菌群的脱氮性能,提高胞外多聚物(EPS)的含量;与此同时,Cr(Ⅵ)和TC的胁迫导致微生物群落多样性减少,降低了napA基因的丰度,然而,NaCl的胁迫呈现相反的变化趋势;NaCl和Cr(Ⅵ)使得菌群中优势菌属由Pseudomonas向Azoarcus转变,反之,TC能够显著增加Pseudomonas的相对丰度,降低Thauera的相对丰度。工业废水中的典型污染物对好氧反硝化菌群的脱氮性能具有较显著的抑制作用,长期胁迫下菌群通过产生胞外多聚物和改变菌群结构来抵御污染物。研究结果对于接纳工业废水的城镇污水处理厂应用好氧反硝化技术进行生物脱氮具有指导和借鉴意义。     

微气泡曝气条件下仿生水草生物接触氧化池对污水的处理效果

采用仿生水草作为生物接触氧化池填料,在微气泡曝气环境下处理模拟生活污水。结果表明,微气泡曝气下,稳定期生物接触氧化池对COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为86.1%、78.7%、69.8%,明显高于传统曝气(COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为76.2%、60.9%、54.1%)。仿生水草具有较强的生物富集能力,微气泡曝气下仿生水草表面挂膜生物量达16.45μg/g,生物活性达81.16μg/g,硝化细菌数量达2.8×10~(10)个/g,硝化菌群的平均相对丰度达29.7%。微气泡曝气可以提高氧传质效率,仿生水草表面富集的高浓度硝化细菌可以强化硝化反硝化过程,两者均有助于提升生物接触氧化池的出水水质。     

同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥微生物相和氮去除能力的研究

对颗粒污泥中的微生物菌群进行了分离和鉴定，并确定纯种微生物的脱氮能力。颗粒污泥中含假单胞菌属5株。亚硝化单胞菌属7株，硝化杆菌属4株，气单胞菌属3株，黄单胞菌属2株，孢杆菌属4株，黄色杆菌属2株和产碱菌属2株。这些菌属中包含了参与硝化反应的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化杆菌属微生物，以及有好氧反硝化能力的Pseudomonas和Alcaligenes菌。29株微生物摇瓶混合培养的脱氮试验结果表明，30h内有机物去除率为75％，氮去除率近50％。     

缺氧池填料投配比对A2/O-MBR工艺反硝化除磷的影响

按20%的投配比往好氧1,2池中加入相同数量的悬浮式填料,将传统A2/O工艺转变为A2/O-MBR复合工艺.通过处理实际市政污水,重点考察了在缺氧池中不同填料投配比条件下,复合工艺的去除效果以及反硝化除磷效果.实验结果表明,当缺氧池中填料投配比为20%时,装置总体的处理效果最好.COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别达到...     

有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响

养殖沉积物中反硝化作用对于缓解氮污染有重要的作用,沉积物中的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化菌可将化合态氮转变为氮气,从而有效降低污染,有机碳在该过程中有着重要的作用。为了解有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响,采取理化分析和分子生物学分析等方法,以养殖池塘沉积物为基质、人工配水为营养液,添加不同浓度的淀粉,分析120 h内底物亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和TOC浓度,并对反硝化、厌氧氨氧化菌群丰度变化和反硝化菌多样性进行分析。结果表明:淀粉浓度在150 mg·L~(-1)时,NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N的去除率最高,分别达到98.90%和99.86%;NH_4~+-N去除率在淀粉浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)时最高,为35.98%。随着淀粉浓度的增加,反硝化菌的丰度明显增加,但有机碳对厌氧氨氧化菌群具有抑制作用。当淀粉浓度为150 mg·L~(-1)时,反硝化菌的丰度最大、多样性水平最高、物种数目最大,反硝化细菌优势菌属为未分类的变形菌属和β-变形菌属。     

A2/O工艺缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌的比例、特性研究及菌株鉴定

用释磷/聚磷装置和微生物筛选、分离方法研究A2/O工艺缺氧池污泥,确定缺氧池中反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的比例,筛选、分离得反硝化聚磷单菌株且对单菌株聚磷特性进行研究.结果表明,缺氧池中DPB占聚磷菌(PAO)的比例约为21.5%.从缺氧池分离得到的肠杆菌科、气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属都是DPB,而不动杆菌属仅是好氧PAO,葡萄球菌属和微球菌属仅是一种专职的反硝化菌.反应过程中同时存在O2和NO3时,肠杆菌科优先利用水中的O2进行聚磷;在缺氧环境中,肠杆菌科在COD为30mg/L时的聚磷效果优于COD为180 mg/L时的聚磷效果.可见DPB的反硝化和聚磷的特性与电子受体的存在形式和COD有密切关系.因此,改良传统A2/O工艺和研发同步反硝化聚磷装置时,必须控制缺氧反硝化聚磷单元中混合液的DO和COD.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.