K+、Na+、Ca2+共存离子对活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

以含有重金属离子Cr(Ⅵ)以及共存轻金属离子K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)的模拟废水为研究对象,采用活性炭进行吸附处理,探讨了3种共存轻金属离子对活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:(1)共存的K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)与Cr(Ⅵ)之间存在竞争吸附,其影响活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na~+K~+,其中Ca~(2+)导致Cr(Ⅵ)去除率下降44.16百分点。(2)吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的活性炭在2 170cm~(-1)处出现新的红外振动峰,表明Cr(Ⅵ)与活性炭之间的吸附属于化学吸附。在同时吸附Cr(Ⅵ)与共存离子的样品中,未出现新的红外振动峰,表明K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)与活性炭间的吸附属于物理吸附。(3)活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合Langmuir模型,属于单分子层化学吸附;其动力学曲线符合伪二级动力学模型。     

732型阳离子交换树脂对渗滤液中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的去除

机械蒸汽压缩(MVC)蒸发处理渗滤液过程中,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的大量存在会导致结垢及浓缩液后续处理困难等问题。通过静态吸附实验,探索了732型阳离子交换树脂对渗滤液中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的吸附特性。实验结果表明,在pH=7、温度为30℃、732型阳离子交换树脂投加量为8g/L、吸附时间为30 min的条件下,对于Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)(摩尔比为3∶5)的质量浓度为2 000mg/L的混合溶液,两者的去除率分别为88.8%、68.3%。732型阳离子交换树脂对Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的吸附行为均符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,相关性系数(R2)分别为0.992 5、0.952 3。利用732型阳离子交换树脂处理实际渗滤液,吸附条件与混合溶液相同,结果表明,对实际渗滤液中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除率分别达到为69.9%、70.9%。经过732型阳离子交换树脂吸附预处理后的渗滤液再经MVC蒸发处理,可有效减少MVC蒸发过程中的结垢,并降低浓缩液后续处理成本。     

改性水葫芦粉对水体中Hg~(2+)的吸附

通过二硫化碳(CS_2)对水葫芦粉进行改性,研究吸附时间、吸附剂浓度和溶液pH对改性前后水葫芦吸附溶液二价汞(Hg~(2+))的影响,并探讨其吸附动力学、热力学行为和除汞机理。结果表明:吸附剂浓度为2 g·L~(-1),溶液pH值为6,吸附时间180 min,改性水葫芦粉对Hg~(2+)浓度为2.0 mg·L~(-1)时的去除率大于93%;改性前后水葫芦粉对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程,化学吸附在整个吸附过程中起重要作用。吸附过程能够很好地用Langmuir方程拟合,吸附自由能变(ΔG)0、吸附焓变(ΔH)0、吸附熵变(ΔS)0,表明改性水葫芦粉对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程是自发的吸热过程;动力学拟合和热力学研究表明改性水葫芦粉对Hg~(2+)的吸附既有物理吸附又有化学吸附。     

针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征及影响因素研究

通过恒温振荡平衡法研究了Pb~(2+)在针铁矿上的等温吸附和吸附动力学特征,探讨了吸附的影响因素.结果表明:(1)随Pb~(2+)平衡浓度和pH的增大,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量逐渐增大.(2)针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的等温吸附可用Freundlich和Langmuir方程较好地拟合.(3)在相同温度和pH下,随离子强度的提高,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量增大.(4)在相同离子强度和pH下,针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附量总体随温度升高而增大.针铁矿对Pb~(2+)的吸附是自发进行的吸热反应.(5)针铁矿吸附Pb~(2+)的过程可分为初始的快吸附和随后的慢吸附2个阶段.pH影响吸附反应快慢,随pH增大吸附速率增大;随着pH的增大,达到平衡吸附的时间缩短.吸附动力学方程用Elovich方程拟合最佳.     

棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附特征

为了研究棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)对溶液中Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附过程的特征,分别从动力学、热力学和吸附等温线三方面进行了实验,同时还研究了pH、温度、时间、重金属离子起始浓度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程的影响。等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述。在实验设定条件下,棘孢曲霉对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)最大吸附量分别为71.2 mg/g和59.8 mg/g;动力学实验数据很好的符合二级动力学方程,吸附达到平衡的时间为3 h;热力学实验数据显示该吸附过程为自发的、吸热的过程。     

流动注射法测定地表水中钾,钠,钙和镁

本文报道了用合并带—流动注射—原子吸收光谱法测定地表水中K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)。应用于杭州市区19个不同取样点,测得结果与常规原子吸收法相一致。K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的相对偏差分别小于5％、3％、4％和3％,方法简便,并能节省贵重试剂。     

废玻璃/铝渣人工沸石对水中Ca2+的吸附

利用废玻璃和铝渣制备沸石,进而表征沸石结构特征并研究其对水中Ca~(2+)的吸附性能。采用批式实验考察不同温度下沸石用量、初始pH、振荡频率、接触时间对吸附量的影响,并研究吸附过程热力学、动力学特征。结果表明,吸附量随沸石用量增加而减小、随接触时间延长而增大。初始pH和振荡频率对吸附量影响较显著。温度变化对平衡吸附量影响不大,但升高温度可显著缩短吸附平衡时间。最佳工艺参数为:沸石用量20 g·L~(-1),初始pH 6～8,振荡频率150 r·min~(-1),接触时间60 min,此时吸附量约16 mg·g~(-1)。Langmuir等温线最符合沸石吸附水中Ca~(2+)过程,表明该过程是均质单分子层吸附。动力学特征最符合准二级动力学方程,证实该过程主要受离子交换、颗粒外液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散控制。该沸石对水中Ca~(2+)吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附并存的自发、吸热、熵增过程。该沸石可较好地去除水中Ca~(2+),故具有一定软化硬水能力。     

棉花秸秆黑炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性研究

以棉花秸秆黑炭(以下简称黑炭)为吸附剂,通过吸附动力学、吸附热力学以及等温吸附实验研究了黑炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性。结果表明,Cd~(2+)在黑炭上的吸附动力学更加符合准二级动力学方程,其吸附可分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个过程,在60min就可以达到饱和吸附量的92%。颗粒内扩散并不是控制吸附速率的唯一步骤,同时受到液膜扩散和表面吸附的作用。吸附等温线拟合发现Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cd~(2+)在黑炭上的吸附行为,Cd~(2+)在炭变化时间为3.0、4.5h的黑炭上的最大吸附量分别为36.36、38.61mg/g。吸附热力学研究结果表明,黑炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的吸热过程。     

狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd~(2+)与Pb~(2+)的吸附及机理分析

为了解狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)活性炭的吸附性能及其机理,采用磷酸一步活化法制备了狭叶香蒲活性炭,并对其理化性质进行了表征;通过静态实验,研究了溶液起始pH、Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度、吸附时间、温度、活性炭剂量对狭叶香蒲活性炭吸附水溶液中Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的影响。狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附量随溶液起始pH与温度的增加而增加,吸附平衡时间约为10 min;热力学分析表明,吸附过程自发而且吸热,吸附动力学实验结果符合拟二级动力学模型,Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地拟合狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附,Pb~(2+)的平衡吸附量与Freundlich模型的拟合性更好。25℃条件下,由Langmuir线性模型拟合得到的Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)最大吸附量Qm分别为83.33和116.28 mg/g。狭叶香蒲活性炭的理化性质分析表明,活性炭表面凹凸不平、多孔,比表面积为780.42 m2/g、孔容23.29 m L/g、平均孔径3.14 nm;活性炭含有羟基、磷酸基、CC键等,等电点为3.3。结果表明,狭叶香蒲活性炭是Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)吸附的有效吸附剂,吸附过程包括静电吸附、离子交换等。     

汞矿区周边土壤和溪流底泥对汞的吸附解吸特征

为充分认识汞在土壤和底泥中的吸附解吸特征,采取恒温水平振荡法对汞矿区周边未污染土壤和溪流底泥进行了Hg~(2+)的吸附解吸实验并用吸附等温方程和动力学方程对吸附过程进行了拟合对比。结果表明,土壤和底泥对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程类似,在中性条件下,其饱和吸附量分别为1 848.77 mg·kg~(-1)、941.25 mg·kg~(-1)在过酸或者过碱的条件下,均不利于土壤和底泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附;在初始5 min内,土壤和底泥对Hg~(2+)的吸附量分别达到了饱和吸附量的72.64%、62.68%,200 min内基本达到吸附饱和;Hg~(2+)在土壤和底泥中的吸附量越大,其解吸量也越大,土壤对Hg~(2+)的吸附量及量成正比例关系,且Hg~(2+)一旦进入土壤或底泥,则很难再被解吸出来,土壤和底泥的最大解吸率分别为0.92%、1.32%。Langmuir、Freundlich和TemKin 3种曲线均能较好地拟合土壤和底泥二者对Hg~(2+)的等温吸附过程,但Langmuir的拟合度更高,显著水平分别达到了0.997 6,0.995 9;Elovich、双常数方程均能较好地拟合土壤和底泥对Hg~(2+)的吸附动力学过程,Eovich方程更适合拟合土壤对Hg~(2+)的吸附动力学,双常数方程更适合底泥的动力学拟合,显著水平分别达到0.935 0、0.919 9。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。