Fe/Mg负载改性竹炭去除水中的氨氮

用Mg Cl2溶液、Fe Cl3溶液浸渍对竹炭进行改性,以BET比表面积和SEM-EDS对其进行表征。通过静态吸附实验,研究改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附特性以及吸附时间、初始氨氮浓度、p H值和磷存在等因素对改性竹炭吸附氨氮能力的影响。实验表明,用氯化镁和氯化铁对竹炭进行改性,可使竹炭表面化学性质和物理结构特性同时发生变化;未改性竹炭与改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量大小依次为:BCMBCFBCFMBC;竹炭在吸附时间为24 h时基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附等温方程与Freundlich模型拟合较好;改性竹炭对氨氮吸附的最佳p H为5;磷存在可使改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量显著增加。     

高铁酸钾法去除水中1,1-DCE

选取水中常见的1,1-DCE为目标污染物,通过间歇实验探讨了目标化合物在以高铁酸钾为氧化剂的情况下,不同反应条件下的去除效果、反应动力学以及反应机理。实验结果表明,不同p H值对高铁酸钾去除1,1-DCE的反应速率影响很大,在p H=3时去除效果最好;反应符合一级动力学方程,去除速率随温度升高而增大,且活化能Ea为28.52 k J/mol,表明温度对高铁酸钾的氧化性有很大影响;反应的ΔH*0,ΔS*0,ΔG*0;以Na NO3调节反应体系的离子强度,当离子强度为0~0.2 mol/L时,高铁酸钾去除1,1-DCE的反应速率随离子强度的增大而减小。通过对实验机理的分析看出,高铁酸钾法去除卤代烃机理为氧化及吸附共存。     

水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水生物降解效能及影响因素研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)/连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)组合工艺,通过构建共基质体系对水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水(简称水洗废水)进行处理研究,探讨了共基质体系可行性,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、硝化液回流比(R,%)、COD和氨氮质量比(C/N)、pH等对水洗废水处理效率的影响。结果表明:(1)共基质体系对去除水洗废水中难降解有机物效果显著。水洗废水占总废水的体积分数≤60%时共代谢效果最佳,COD平均去除率高于84%,氮污染物的去除受该体系影响小。(2)HRT=12h时碳污染物去除效果最佳,COD平均去除率为89.40%。较长的HRT利于脱氮,HRT=24h时氨氮平均去除率达98%,平均出水氨氮为0.87mg/L。R=300%(体积分数)时碳氮污染物去除效果最优。(3)C/N=10时组合装置对废水的脱氮除碳性能最好,COD、总有机碳(TOC)、氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为87.93%、93.11%、95.94%和77.29%。除碳最适pH为6.7,脱氮偏好碱性环境(pH=8.6)。     

改性炭化谷壳负载纳米Fe_3O_4对含As(Ⅴ)废水的吸附性能

以谷壳为原料,通过600℃缺氧高温热解制备一种炭化谷壳(CRH-I),并利用CRH-I通过改性负载方法获得另一种新型的负载纳米Fe3O4的碱改性炭化谷壳(CRH-II)。经过对比表面积进行表征分析发现,CRH-II相较CRH-I的BET比表面积增大约30%,达到182 m2·g-1,微比表面积和微孔体积都扩大了6倍左右。FTIR分析结果表明,相比CRH-I,CRH-II分子间的羧基和酚羟基官能团有所增加,产生了芳构化反应和脂肪醚类物质。吸附实验表明,相对CRH-I而言,CRH-II对As(V)的吸附率明显提高。p H=2时,CRH-II对溶液中As(V)的吸附率达到98.3%;但是As的吸附率随着溶液p H值升高而逐渐降低,p H=11时下降最为明显,吸附率只有63.4%。CRH-II吸附反应满足准动力学二级方程,其相关系数为R2=0.999;在不同温度下,将CRH-II对As(V)的吸附验数据进行Langmuir方程和Freundlich等温方程拟合,结果更符合Langmuir方程;在25℃时,相关系数R2=0.985。解吸吸附实验证明,CRH-II依然具备良好的吸附性能,且再生吸附性能稳定。     

不同填料在折流湿地中脱氮除磷的动力学分析

为了解决我国西部农村分散式生活污水污染问题,结合西北地区年平均气温条件特征,基于潜流湿地原理对比研究了混凝土渣、砾石和生物炭脱氮除磷效应,分析其对污染物的降解作用。结果表明:随着水力停留时间(HRT)的延长,污染物含量明显降低,湿地最佳HRT均为2.5 d,3种填料湿地对化学需要量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)的去除效果差异性显著(P0.01);混凝土渣对污水中PO_4~(3-)-P的去除最优,去除率为97.11%;生物炭综合处理能力较强,COD、NH_4~+-N、悬浮物(SS)的去除率达到了90.51%、72.38%、94.57%;生物炭作为优选湿地填料还具有较快的污染物降解速率特征,且有机污染物和磷酸盐的生化降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型,R2在0.9以上。因此,生物炭作为湿地填料具有良好的应用价值,对解决西北地区农村水污染问题具有重要的意义。     

络合沉淀结合混凝法去除浮选废水中有机磷

广西某铅锌矿选矿厂用含磷有机浮选药剂苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)和丁铵黑药(学名:二丁基二硫代磷酸铵)作捕收剂,导致尾矿库溢流口外排废水总磷超标(总磷浓度为1.4~1.7 mg/L,p H=8.0)。实验研究表明,含巯基磷酸盐浮选废水中总磷主要为有机磷(占94%),钙盐、铁盐和铝盐混凝沉淀法对有机磷去除效果很差,3种金属离子不能与巯基磷酸盐反应生成沉淀物;但铜离子能与巯基磷酸盐生成溶度积很小的络合沉淀物,再通过混凝沉淀对有机磷可达到很好的去除效果。先加入硫酸铜20 mg/L进行络合沉淀反应,后再加入40 mg/L硫酸铝和1 mg/L PAM混凝沉淀,总磷去除率可达80%。处理后废水总磷浓度和重金属浓度均达到《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准(GB25466-2010)》排放要求。研究结果为该选矿厂浮选废水净化处理和回用工程的设计提供了科学依据。     

曝气吹脱法用于牛场沼液污染物的去除

氨吹脱是一种有效的污水脱氮处理技术,其中曝气吹脱法又简单易行。为了探究曝气吹脱法用于牛场沼液污染物去除的最优条件,实验研究了温度、曝气量、初始p H等参数对氨氮去除效果的影响,并探讨了投加Ca(OH)2及曝气吹脱对COD、TP的去除作用。结果显示:温度、曝气量是影响氨氮去除效果的关键因素,30℃、4 000曝气量条件下氨氮去除率最高;由于沼液本身p H会受吹脱影响升高,因此,调节初始p H在8~9.5范围内对氨氮去除效果无显著影响;Ca(OH)_2能去除少量COD及TP,吹脱也能对COD去除有一定影响,投加7.7 g/L Ca(OH)_2吹脱后,沼液COD、TP去除率分别为9.7%、14.8%。最优条件30℃、4 000曝气量下,不加Ca(OH)2吹脱能得到70%以上的的氨氮去除率。一般情况下建议不加Ca(OH)_2进行沼液氨吹脱。     

沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染水源水中氨氮的研究

利用沸石曝气生物滤池预处理微污染水源水中的氨氮,研究了沸石的静态吸附性能以及不同运行参数对处理效果的影响.结果表明:(1)沸石具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的特点.采用氨氮质量浓度为5.00 mg/L的使用溶液进行静态吸附实验,当吸附时间为30 min时,氨氮质量浓度为0.66 mg/L,去除率为86.8%,之后氨氮浓度和去除率基本保持不变.(2)水力负荷对氨氮的去除率影响不大,随着水力负荷的升高,氨氮去除率总体呈小幅度下降趋势.当水力负荷由0.4 m~3/(m~2·h)提高到1.3m~3/(m~2·h)时,氨氮平均去除率降低了13.2%.(3)在实验范围内,随着气水比的增大,氨氮平均去除率略有上升.当气水比为0.5(体积比,下同)、1.0、1.5时,氨氮平均去除率分别为81.8%、85.3%、86.7%.(4)氨氮去除主要发生在填料层200～600 mm处,600mm处的氨氮去除率已经达到89.7%,占总去除率的96.9%,而600 mm处后的氨氮浓度趋于平缓,去除率变化很小.     

白云石矿物对水溶液中Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)吸附的动力学和热力学

采用静态实验方法研究了白云石对水溶液中Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、p H值、离子强度、温度以及固液比等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了白云石对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学、热力学规律及其反应机制。实验结果显示:白云石对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附在24 h达到平衡,对Pb~(2+)的吸附量大于Cu~(2+),伪二级和双常数动力学方程分别能较好地拟合白云石对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附;在一定条件下,白云石对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的去除率与溶液初始浓度呈反比,与固液比呈正比;吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;溶液p H值对吸附行为影响显著,在溶液p H=6~7时,吸附效果最好,离子强度对吸附影响甚微;白云石对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进白云石的吸附行为。     

膨胀石墨对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

高温加热可膨胀石墨制得膨胀石墨,用于去除溶液中的U(Ⅵ)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了初始p H、吸附剂投加量、U(Ⅵ)初始浓度、温度以及吸附时间对膨胀石墨吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响。实验结果表明,膨胀石墨吸附U(Ⅵ)的最佳p H为6.5,在温度为30℃,投加量为2.0 g/L,U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L时,对U(Ⅵ)的去除率达到98.08%,反应在4 h达到平衡。Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型较好地拟合了吸附过程,30℃时饱和吸附量为27.03 mg/g;热力学分析表明,膨胀石墨对U(Ⅵ)的吸附是自发的放热反应。比表面积测试、扫描电镜、X射线能谱与傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,膨胀石墨对U(Ⅵ)的吸附以物理吸附为主,表面官能团起辅助作用。解吸实验证明,膨胀石墨是可重复利用的吸附剂。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.