四川省能源消耗的碳足迹分析

人类的生存与发展离不开能源,而能源大量消耗将会对环境产生严重影响,因此对能源消耗的碳足迹及生态压力进行研究具有重要意义。运用碳足迹的相关含义及研究方法,计算出2000—2010年四川省能源消耗的总碳足迹、不同能源和产业的碳足迹、碳足迹产值和生态压力值,并在此基础上利用STIRPAT模型进行岭回归函数拟合,进一步分析经济发展与能源消耗碳排放足迹之间的关系。结果表明:(1)四川省能源消耗的总碳足迹增长加快,从2000年的0.21hm2/人上升到2010年的0.53hm2/人,年均增长率为9.7%;(2)2000—2010年四川省能源消耗的碳足迹产值由2000年的3.3万元/hm2增加至2010年的5.5万元/hm2,年均增长率为5.2%;(3)碳足迹的生态压力从2000年的1.5上升为2010年的2.8,年均增长率为6.4%,对环境产生的压力越来越大;(4)四川省能源消耗的碳足迹与经济增长关系中虽呈现出环境库兹涅茨曲线的变化趋势,但目前尚未到达拐点,进一步证实能源利用对环境所造成的压力在不断增大。最后,针对存在的问题提出了相关对策与建议。     

西安市水污染物削减费用函数研究

对西安市2005—2009年生活污水COD去除量与去除费用的关系进行了研究,发现COD去除费用随着去除量的增加呈指数增长的趋势。结果表明,若要降低污水处理厂处理费用,需采取技术改造等措施。同时利用西安市工业水污染物处理数据,建立了工业水污染物联合削减费用函数,并进一步探讨了工业COD削减量与削减费用之间的关系,发现两者之间存在指数关系;从研究结果看出,不同行业具有不同的削减费用,同时企业需采取措施减少污染物的排放,来降低生产成本,获得最大收益。     

城市大气环境治理成本核算及其总量、结构分析——以西安市为例

基于单位成本分析模型对2000—2009年西安市大气环境治理的价值量进行了系统核算,并从总量与结构两方面对核算结果进行了深入和全面的分析。结果表明,从西安市历年大气环境的实际治理成本(除2002、2006、2009年)来看,该市在大气环境治理方面的投资基本上逐年增加,但是增加幅度较小,而大气环境虚拟治理成本在一般年份(除2002、2006、2009年)总体上呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势。可见,西安市为改变环境污染状况,不断增加大气环境治理方面的投资,但在初期治理资金缺口仍在增加,而随着投资的持续增加,许多大气环境治理设施的建立与作用的发挥,大气环境污染状况逐渐减轻,治理资金缺口开始变小;在核算年份中,西安市工业大气环境污染治理的重点主要放在了烟尘方面,城镇生活SO2虚拟治理成本在生活废气总虚拟治理成本中所占比例最高。最后,针对发现问题,对该市今后大气环境治理工作的方向和措施给出了建议。     

上海市与东京市陆地碳汇核算与比较分析

全球气候的变化激发了人们对现有的和潜在的碳汇的研究兴趣.结合上海市和东京市的基本状况,分析了上海市和东京市主要的陆地碳汇类型,根据相关文献研究和当地的基本情况确定碳汇参数,研究了不同陆地碳汇类型的碳汇量,进而估算出陆地总碳汇量.在此基础上,从不同的角度对比分析了2个城市的陆地碳汇能力,并提出了加强湿地保护工作、加强园林绿化建设工作、保护耕地等增强上海市陆地碳汇能力的对策.     

退役动力电池回收再利用碳足迹研究

以《温室气体产品碳足迹量化要求和指南》(ISO 14067:2018)为依据，以等量镍资源生产1 t高镍镍钴锰酸锂(NCM811)电池的正极材料为目标，对新能源汽车动力电池行业退役低镍镍钴锰酸锂(NCM111)电池回收再利用过程的碳足迹进行研究。计算得到，通过回收NCM111电池生产1 t NCM811电池的正极材料净温室气体排放量为18.4 t(以CO₂当量计),比正常使用原生材料生产1 t NCM811电池的正极材料可以减少36.3%的温室气体排放量。建议NCM811电池正极材料生产过程中关注氢氧化钠和电的温室气体减排。假设全部使用绿色能源，通过回收NCM111电池生产1 t NCM811电池的正极材料净温室气体排放量则将减少90.7%。     

中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单探讨

六氯苯和多氯联苯是被列入<斯德哥尔摩公约>附件C中要求采取减排控制措施的非故意产生持久性有机污染物,目前尚没有关于它们在中国的排放清单方面的研究报道.参考日本环境省基于实测数据编制的排放因子,计算了以2008为基准年的中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单.结果表明,由主要行业产生的六氯苯年排放量为528 704 g,多氯联苯的年排放量为7 762 615 g.对于六氯苯,主要排放源依次为水泥行业(42.356%)、电炉炼钢(27.549%)、钢铁烧结过程(14.731%)和初级铜冶炼(7.774%);对于多氯联苯,水泥行业占了排放量的90%以上.上述排放源应当在制订其减排战略和行动计划时予以关注和优先考虑.     

外源铅污染对紫色土中微生物酶活性的影响研究

以森林和耕地紫色土为研究对象,研究了外源铅在6种不同浓度水平下对土壤微生物酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)森林土壤中微生物酶活性总体较耕地土壤高。(2)在连续培养56d后,森林土壤中除亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)外其余4种酶活性与铅外源添加量和有效态铅呈显著或极显著正相关,外源铅污染促进了林地中C和P的矿化循环过程;耕地土中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、β-葡萄糖苷酶、LAP活性与铅外源添加量和有效态铅呈显著或极显著负相关,在铅质量浓度≥250mg/kg时ACP基本失活,铅质量浓度达1 000mg/kg时,LAP抑制率为95.8%,外源铅污染抑制了耕地中养分元素的矿化循环过程。     

1993-2006年中国环境突发事件对农业的影响特征分析

介绍了1993-2006年中国环境突发事件的发生情况,分析了其对中国农业产生的影响,并对不同地区环境突发事件造成的农作物和鱼塘受害面积的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)环境突发事件总体呈减少趋势,环境突发事件总数与其造成的农作物、鱼塘受害面积总体呈现正相关关系.(2)1993-1997、1998-2002、2003-2006年这3个阶段,环境突发事件造成农作物年均受害面积较多的地区逐渐由东部向中、西部转移;农作物年均受害面积较多的地区逐渐减少;绝大多数的地区农作物年均受害面积呈减少趋势或持平,少数地区呈现持续高危害和危害加重的趋势.(3)1993-1997、1998-2002、2003-2006年这3个阶段,环境突发事件造成的鱼塘年均受害面积总体呈现逐渐减少的趋势;鱼塘年均受害面积较多的地区主要集中在中国的东南部、新疆和黑龙江.环境突发事件对中国渔业的影响不仅局限于东南沿海地区,还波及到东北甚至是气候较为干旱的西北地区.     

丽水市生态可持续发展能力的定量评价与趋势分析

可持续发展能力是评价区域综合实力的重要指标之一.通过运用生态足迹模型,对2000-2009年丽水市的生态可持续发展能力进行了定量评价和趋势分析.结果表明,丽水市人均生态足迹由2000年的0.884 1 hm2增加至2009年的1.4628hm2,人均生态承载力由2000年的1.5892 hm2变为2009年的1.568...     

城市危险化学品事故统计分析与对策

通过对2002-2004年发生在中国内地12个主要城市的435起非爆炸品类危险化学品事故统计分析,发现:(1)危险化学品事故总体呈进一步发展趋势;(2)处于城市生活区的化工企业发生危险化学品事故对城市的影响最大;(3)危险化学品在运输阶段,发生事故的比例最高;(4)民用燃气是造成使用阶段危险化学品事故的主要危险源,而人为失误和违规操作是民用燃气类危险化学品事故的主要原因.在统计分析基础上提出了相应的对策.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.