广西城镇污水处理厂建设和运行的现状分析

全区108座污水处理厂建设规模、工艺、投资和运行成本统计表明,广西城镇污水处理厂以小型污水处理厂为主,处理工艺多采用氧化沟、A2/O、SBR及其变种工艺;5～10万m3/d规模污水处理单位建设投资以氧化沟、A2/O、SBR及其变种工艺较省,2～5万m3/d规模以氧化沟、MSBR工艺较省,2 m3/d以下规模以硅藻土、人工湿地和人工快渗工艺较为经济;2～10万m3/d规模污水处理厂各工艺运行成本多介于0.3～0.4元/m3,2万m3/d以下规模人工快渗和人工湿地工艺的运行费用介于0.2～0.3元/m3。不同规模、不同工艺、不同排放标准污水处理厂的投资建设、运行成本和出水水质各异,因此,污水处理厂应因地制宜选择适宜工艺技术、规模及排放标准,有效提高设施运行负荷率和污染物的去除率。     

贵州省已建城镇污水处理厂建设及运行状况

"十一五"期间,贵州省开展了大规模的城镇污水处理厂建设,主要采用了以氧化沟、A/O工艺和SBR及改良工艺等具有脱氮除磷功能、技术成熟的工艺,建设规模多在0.5万m3/d以下,单位平均建设投资4 069.75元/m3,单位综合能耗平均0.35 k Wh/m3,单位平均药耗0.41 g/m3,单位运行成本多在0.60元/m3以上,污水平均处理率82.01%,平均处理负荷率73.19%,处理出水基本达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级B标准的要求,取得了较好的减排效果,但部分污水处理厂存在工艺技术的匹配性等问题,建议"十二五"期间加强已建污水处理厂工艺技术和设施的改造升级。     

流域水环境污染成因及控制措施

中国大部分流域城镇基础设施建设严重滞后,并存在水资源过度开发利用、污染物超标排放、河道淤积、河滩占用等生态破坏行为,造成流域水环境质量日趋恶化.提出了完善农村非点源污染控制工程建设、完善城区面源污染控制设施建设、完善工业废水处理系统建设和实施河道用水优化改造工程等综合整治措施.     

青岛啤酒(扬州)有限公司污水处理站改造方案

采用水解-酸化+SBR工艺处理啤酒废水,当进水浓度在800～2 500 mg/L,处理规模达到3 000 m3/d,经处理后的出水可达国家<综合污水排放标准>(8978-1996),主要污染物ρ(COD)＜100 mg/L.     

混凝—水解酸化—好氧工艺处理印染废水的设计与运行

采用混凝-水解酸化-好氧工艺处理印染废水,设计规模3000m3/d.当进水C0D在571～1752 mg/L时,处理后的出水可达国家<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996),主要污染物ρ(C0D)＜100mg/L.     

浙江省人民政府关于表彰“811”环境污染整治工作先进集体和先进个人的决定

“811”环境污染整治行动是浙江省委、省政府贯彻落实科学发展观、加强环境保护、推进生态省建设、着力解决环境污染突出问题作出的重大决策部署。3年来，全省各级各有关部门围绕“两个基本、两个率先”的工作目标，全面推进重点流域、重点区域、重点行业、重点企业的污染整治，全面加强环保基础设施和环境质量监测监控设施建设，环境污染整治工作取得明显成效。     

生物-生态组合工艺处理城市污水的启动研究

生物-生态优化组合工艺试验规模为100 m3/d,通过探索自然启动阶段生物-生态的优化组合模式,提高了启动中组合工艺的处理效能、缩短了处理效能波动时段,实现了向运行阶段的平稳过渡,为工程规模的启动提供了系统依据.研究表明,在启动阶段通过生物-生态优化工况组合,可达到组合工艺COD去除率90%、TN去除率40%～70%、TP去除率90%的去除效果.     

新型人工快速渗滤系统处理村镇污水工艺参数优化

在巢湖双桥河建立了中试规模的人工快速渗滤系统(CRI),系统经过一个月左右启动期后挂膜成功。通过考察不同湿干比条件下CODMn、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除效果,确定系统湿干比为1 d∶2 d,水力负荷周期为3 d。TP、TN和NH3-N在1.0 m/d的水力负荷条件下能够达到最佳的处理效果,特别是TN;而CODMn在1.3 m/d取得最佳的去除效果。综合考虑脱氮除磷和有机污染物的去除,选取水力负荷为1.0 m/d可得到最佳的出水水质。综合4种污染物的去除特点,特别考虑到对TN去除的需要,同时兼顾工程成本,填料厚度确定为1.2～1.5 m之间为最佳。选取生物陶粒、钢渣、活性炭和天然沸石为渗滤介质,研究结果表明,从去除有机污染物和TP角度考虑,选取活性炭和钢渣可达到较好的去除效果,其中钢渣对TP去除效果更佳;而活性炭具有其他4种填料不可替代的脱氮效果。以上工艺组合形式的确定将为巢湖流域CRI系统的推广提供科学依据和数据支持。     

人工湿地组合工艺对太湖三山岛农村生活污水的脱氮效果

针对太湖三山岛农村生活污水分布面广而分散和水质水量不稳定,以及三级处理费用高等问题,提出了人工湿地组合工艺。以设计规模为1 000 m3/d、处理生活污水的工艺系统为对象,探讨了氮元素在系统中的去除效果、途径及其一级去除速率常数。结果表明,该工艺对NH+4-N去除效果较好,出水NH+4-N平均达到地表水Ⅲ类,TN平均接近地表水Ⅴ类;潜流人工湿地、好氧生态塘C、兼性生态塘A和表流人工湿地D对氮的去除量分别占组合工艺去除总量的52.05%、18.65%、16.65%和12.65%;组合工艺对NH+4-N和TN的平均一级去除速率常数分比别为(14.47±2.01)和(25.91±4.99)m/a。     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用中试规模(1.8 m3/d)的缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)对城市污水处理回用进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果优良,系统对COD、氨氮、浊度、总氮、总磷去除率较高,COD、氨氮出水浓度分别为7～39 mg/L、0～1.31 mg/L.出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T18920-2002).     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。