水单胞菌CA滤液的溶藻特性及其溶藻物质

针对一株具有明显溶藻效果的水单胞菌CA（Aquimonas sp.）,对其滤液的溶藻活性以及溶藻物质特性做了进一步的探索。结果表明,CA滤液具有强烈的溶藻效果。10 d内叶绿素a降解率达79.2%,藻细胞数目降解率达98.5%。同时,藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白急剧降低,分别降低了81.67%和82.60%。丙二醛含量也有所降低。通过研究溶藻物质的活性,发现溶藻物质经蛋白酶K处理后仍具有溶藻活性,说明溶藻物质是非蛋白类物质;溶藻物质具有较强的热稳定性,即使在121℃下处理2 h活性仍未丧失;溶藻物质在碱性条件下有较强的pH稳定性,在酸性条件下活性会有小部分丧失;同时通过有机试剂萃取,发现溶藻物质具有较强的极性。本研究为溶藻物质的溶藻特性研究以及溶藻物质的分离提供了理论基础。     

藻类膜对磷的吸附/吸收行为研究

在光照强度约4 000 lx及温度28℃条件下,将水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)附着在弹性聚氯乙烯载体上形成藻类膜,研究藻细胞在富磷环境(约为2 mg/L)中对磷的短期吸收过程,分析基质中磷、藻细胞总磷及表面吸附磷的迁移变化特征。结果表明:水华鱼腥藻和斜生栅藻细胞总磷含量在稳定时分别为0.96和0.85 mg/mg(以chla计);藻细胞表面对磷的吸附在240 min时达到平衡,其中水华鱼腥藻吸附量占细胞总磷(包括表面吸附磷和细胞内磷)的28.1%,斜生栅藻则为23.5%。根据吸附模型拟合结果,藻细胞表面对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

包埋水华鱼腥藻和活性炭对污水中氮磷的净化

采用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠（PVA—SA）凝胶包埋水华鱼腥藻与活性炭混合物，对比水华鱼腥藻在包埋、吸附以及悬浮状态下对高浓度模拟废水中氨氮的去除效果，实验结果表明，水华鱼腥藻在包埋状态下对氨氮有更好的去除效果。通过正交实验研究SA、粉末活性炭（PAC）、水华鱼腥藻之间不同质量比的包埋混合物对去除污水中NH4＋-N、TP以及处理后废水中微囊藻毒素（MC）残留量的影响，结果表明，当PVA量为8％时，SA、PAC和藻含量分别在0．5％、0．5％和0．2％为NH4＋-N、TP的最佳去除组合，同时处理后污水中MC的含量也低于联合国标准1Iμg／L，避免了二次污染的同时为产毒素藻类的利用创造了条件。     

溶藻菌H6对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特性研究

全球水华现象日益严重，微生物控藻由于具有成本低、高效、环境友好等优点被广泛关注。以筛自河道的一株溶藻菌H6为对象，开展其对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的溶藻特性研究。实验结果表明，H6最佳投加量(体积分数)为5%,最佳投加时机为蓝藻水华暴发初期(680 nm波长处的光密度(OD₆₈₀)为0.3),pH控制在5～11,7 d溶藻率超过70%。H6以间接溶藻为主，直接溶藻为辅，通过分泌耐高温的溶藻物质进行除藻且溶藻产物为腐殖酸类物质。H6属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae),在宽pH范围内有较好溶藻效果，丰富了水体蓝藻水华治理方面的菌种资源；分泌的溶藻物质的耐高温特性为后续菌粉制备及生产应用提供了便利。     

一株具有藻毒素降解和溶藻功能细菌的分离鉴定

从太湖水华腐烂蓝藻中富集筛选出一株编号A-8的细菌。该菌株菌落圆形、灰白色,革兰氏染色阴性,氧化酶阴性,接触酶阳性;分子系统进化树显示为溶血不动杆菌。根据以上结果,将此菌株鉴定为溶血不动杆菌。此外,对这株菌降解微囊藻毒素、不同生长时期的细菌的溶藻效果及溶藻专一性进行了研究。结果显示:该菌在3 d时间里将藻毒素降解了30.4%;细菌通过分泌胞外物质溶藻,细菌在衰退期时胞外分泌物的溶藻效果最好;该菌还对瘤状念珠藻、颤藻等9种蓝藻有溶藻作用。     

4种营养元素对水华鱼腥藻和四尾栅藻增殖的影响

以水华鱼腥藻和四尾栅藻分别作为蓝藻,绿藻代表藻种,采用均匀设计实验方法(uniform design experimentation,UDE)设计藻类AGP实验。采用通径分析法(Path Analysis,PA)对氮、磷、铁和锰在不同藻种增殖过程中的影响程度进行分析。结果表明,4种营养元素对水华鱼腥藻增殖影响的决策排序为FeTNTPMn,微量金属元素铁是影响水华鱼腥藻(蓝藻)增殖的主要因素;对四尾栅藻增殖影响的决策排序为TNTPFeMn,常量元素是影响四尾栅藻(绿藻)增殖的主要因素。联合通径分析法和逐步二次方回归分析法(QRA)建立的数学模型,可用于预判藻增殖。     

溶藻细菌对富营养化水体藻类群落结构的影响

向富营养化水体投放3株溶藻细菌(蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)L7、L8和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)L18)的菌液.在试验期内,3株溶藻细菌显示出很好的控藻效果,使叶绿素a(Chl-a)和藻类密度分别比初始值降低87%以上和72%以上;藻类Shannon-Weaver多样性指数维持在2～3,Pielous均匀度指数介于0.60～0.81,其中,溶藻细菌L7效果最明显.而未投加菌液的水体Chl-a未发生明显上升,但藻类密度自9.55×104个/mL上升到2.09×105个/mL,藻类Shannon-Weaver多样性指数由2.17降到1.11,Pielous均匀度由0.60降到0.33.3株溶藻细菌并非简单地杀灭水体中的全部或某些藻类,而是能明显地调节藻类群落结构,使其朝着较为稳定的方向发展,在修复藻型富营养化水体水生生态系统方面有很好的应用前景.     

共培养条件下黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻光合系统的影响

采用共培养的实验方法,通过测定铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)叶绿素a含量及叶绿素荧光参数,研究了黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)和狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)对铜绿微囊藻光合系统的影响。结果表明,共培养条件下,黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的光合系统具有明显的化感作用,表现为,处理组中铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量从第4天开始显著(Paried t-test,p0.05)低于对照组;培养过程中,YⅡ(光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量)和Fv/Fm(光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量)值也呈现逐渐下降的趋势,说明黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻产生了化感抑制,光合效率和光能转化效率下降;而Ik(半饱和光强)和α(光限制斜率)值呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,从第4天开始显著(Paried t-test,p0.05)低于对照组,表明黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲的化感作用在短时间内可以激发铜绿微囊藻对光强的耐受能力并能提高藻的光能利用效率,但是随着化感时间的延长,铜绿微囊藻对强光的耐受能力及光能利用效率下降。     

一株铜绿微囊藻溶藻真菌的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

从富营养化水体和土壤中分离筛选出一株溶藻真菌菌株JHQ3,通过ITS序列分析对溶藻真菌JHQ3进行鉴定，并研究了该菌株对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻方式和溶藻特性。结果表明：菌株JHQ3的ITS序列与萨氏曲霉属(Aspergillus sydowii)同源性达100%,菌株JHQ3属于萨氏曲霉属(GenBank登录号为OP363844);溶藻真菌JHQ3对铜绿微囊藻的作用方式以直接溶藻作用为主，间接溶藻作用为辅；在30℃时菌液溶藻效果最好，溶藻率高达94.06%;在pH为7时，溶藻率最高，为83.39%;菌液浓度大于10^-3(即稀释10³倍)时，其溶藻效果随菌液浓度的增加而增强；光暗比为12 h∶12 h时，溶藻效果较好，具有较好的工程应用价值；添加表面活性剂乙二胺四乙酸和Tween-80会抑制溶藻效果。溶藻菌株JHQ3能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻繁殖，在富营养化治理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

钢渣粒子电极的制备及其在三维电催化氧化除藻中的应用

为进一步提升电催化氧化除藻效果,制备出钢渣粒子电极,构建了三维电催化氧化系统并用以处理普通小球藻藻液,进而对除藻机理进行了探索。利用钢渣、蒙脱石和锯末在高温煅烧条件下制备钢渣粒子电极,通过制备条件的优化,获得了具有良好除藻性能的钢渣粒子电极。考察普通小球藻经过三维电催化氧化后,藻细胞密度、SOD、光合活性和叶绿素a的变化特征。结果表明:钢渣、蒙脱石、锯末的配比为60%∶28%∶12%,在800℃煅烧60 min制备出的钢渣粒子电极在三维电催化氧化系统8 V、 60 min条件下,对初始浓度为4×10~9～6×10~9 cells·L~(-1)小球藻的去除率为97.10%;处理1 m~3藻液的耗电量为3.78 kWh;经过10 min三维电催化氧化处理的藻细胞,其SOD活性会出现短暂升高,藻细胞的光合活性减弱、叶绿素a浓度下降,藻细胞的光合系统的抑制效应可维持较长时间。综合上述结果,应用钢渣粒子的三维电催化氧化系统能够高效除藻,并可长久抑制藻细胞的光合活性。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.