红壤对铬（Ⅵ）吸附特性的研究

通过云南三类红壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）吸附行为的研究，结果表明，红壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）有明显的吸附作用，等温吸附曲线可以用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程、Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程和Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程描述，最大吸附量为红壤〉赤红壤〉砖龚壤。酸度、温度和有机质对红壤吸附Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）均有影响。低ｐＨ值时吸附量随ｐＨ值升高力吸增加，ｐＨ值超过某一限度，吸附量急剧下降，直至基本不吸附；温度低于４０℃时，吸附量随或高而减少，但温度高于４０     

新型生物吸附剂去除水中六价铬的研究

以Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ．Ｇｘ４－１发酵培养得到的细菌胞外聚合物作吸附剂，研究其对水中重金属Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）的吸附，吸附剂对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）吸附的最佳ｐＨ初值为０．５～２．０。Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）的吸附分三个阶段：５ｍｉｎ达７５％的快速吸附阶段；１０～４０ｍｉｎ达表现一级反应动力学吸附阶段；５０ｍｉｎ以的趋于平衡，吸附过程符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温方程。     

Cr(VI)离子在TiO_2表面的吸附与光催化还原消除

随着体系ｐＨ值增大，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２表面的吸附下降．当Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子初始浓度为３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，其在ＴｉＯ２表面具有最大值吸附．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子及乙酸的存在对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附有阻抑作用，甲酸存在会提高Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附．Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２半导体催化剂表面的光催化还原受体系的酸度影响较大．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子或Ｍｎ２＋离子存在会降低Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的光催化还原效率．在太阳光照下，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２上的光催化还原也可实现．通过调节反应结束后水溶液的酸碱度，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子得以消除．反应后催化剂经酸处理，其活性恢复并可重复使用．     

微囊藻毒素MC-RR在农田土壤中吸附行为研究

采用批处理实验研究了典型微囊藻毒素MC-RR(10~400μg·L-1)在农田土壤(水稻土、赤红壤和咸田土)中的吸附动力学和热力学特征,并探讨土壤理化性质对其吸附行为的影响.结果表明,MC-RR在农田土壤中的吸附均于4 h内达到平衡,吸附动力学均符合拟二级动力学方程(R20.994),液膜扩散是主要控速过程;各温度下(15、25、35℃)MC-RR吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程(R20.827).水稻土吸附MC-RR主要为自发放热的物理吸附过程,其吸附能力随温度升高而降低;赤红壤和咸田土吸附MC-RR主要为自发吸热的化学吸附过程,其吸附能力随温度升高而增强.土壤粘粒矿物和有机质含量显著影响其对MC-RR的吸附能力,粘粒矿物含量越高,有机质含量越低,MC-RR吸附能力越强.MC-RR在有机质含量较高的水稻土中难吸附,而在有机质含量较低的赤红壤和粘土含量较高的咸田土中易吸附.     

pH对镉在土水系统中的迁移和形态的影响

研究了４种红壤和水体系中ｐＨ对镉的迁移影响．结果表明：镉在土水体系中的迁移是一快反应过程，４种土壤对镉的吸附量随土水系统中ｐＨ的变化，可分为３个区域，即低吸附量区、中等吸附区，以及强吸附和沉淀区，在中等吸附区镉吸附量与ｐＨ呈正相关；ｐＨ６以下被吸附的镉中生物有效态镉量随ｐＨ的升高而增加，ｐＨ６以上被吸附的镉中生物有效态镉量随ｐＨ升高而降低．石灰导致镉毒性降低的主要原因是ｐＨ＞７５时镉主要以粘土矿物和氧化物结合态及残留态形式存在．     

水溶液中二氧化锰对铀的吸附

用流动色谱法测定了二氧化锰的比表面积及其对铀的吸附等温线，考察了吸附温度、溶液ｐＨ值等因素对二氧化锰吸附铀的影响．结果表明，二氧化锰对铀（Ⅵ）的平衡吸附量随吸附温度的升高而增加．在本文条件下，２５ｍｉｎ可达到吸附平衡，ｐＨ＝６左右平衡吸附量达最大值，吸附模型符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ吸附等温式．对其吸附机理进行了讨论．     

Cu~（2＋）对3种农药在Ca－蒙脱石和δ－Al_2O_3上吸附的影响

比较研究了３种农药在两种吸附体上的吸附以及Ｃｕ２＋其吸附的影响．杀虫脒在Ｃａ－蒙脱石上的吸附率很高且随ｐＨ值的升高而降低；在δ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上的吸附率较低且随ｐＨ值的升高而升高．Ｃｕ２＋对其吸附无影响，毒莠定在Ｃａ－蒙脱石上无吸附，但可被δ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３吸附，吸附率随ｐＨ值的升高逐渐降低，不受Ｃｕ２＋的影响．当ｐＨ值小于５时，草甘磷在Ｃａ－蒙脱石上的吸附随ｐＨ值的升高而略有上升；当ｐＨ值大于５时，则随ｐＨ值的升高而下降，Ｃｕ２＋降低了草甘磷的吸附．当草甘磷与Ｃｕ２＋摩尔比为０．５和１．０时，草甘磷吸附率的降低程度高于摩尔比为２．０时的降低程度．     

粉煤灰淋溶液中的有害物质对地下水污染的试验研究

粉煤灰中有害物质对土壤的影响试验表明，０．３ｍ的土层对粉煤灰淋溶水中ｐＨ值、Ｆ＾－、全盐量和总碱度有很强的吸附能力，如ｐＨ值的吸附中和量为３．７￣４０，Ｆ＾－吸附率达８７．４％，总盐量的吸附率达７０．９７％，碱度吸附率达９４．３％￣９６．４％，Ｃｒ＾６＋吸附能力较弱。由于贮灰场附近土层远大于０．３ｍ，因此粉煤灰淋溶水不会对地下水产生污染。     

用矿渣和氯化钡处理含铬废水的试验研究

对矿渣和氯化钡处理含铬废水进行了试验研究，探讨了矿渣及氯化钡用量，废水酸度，接触时间，温度等因素的对除铬效果的影响，结果表明，在废水ｐＨ值＝２～１０，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）浓度在０～１００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，按矿渣，氯化钡：铬重量为１０００：１０：１投加矿渣和氯化钡进行处理，去除率达９８％以上，且出水可达排放标准。     

含铬固体废渣中Cr~(3+) 的氧化

研究了ｐＨ、温度对铬渣中Ｃｒ３＋的氧化速率的影响．结果表明，在碱性条件下，空气中的氧气具有相当强的氧化性，足以将Ｃｒ３＋氧化为Ｃｒ６＋，且随ｐＨ、温度的升高而加快．     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.