北京市臭氧污染跳变型特征及影响因素分析

基于2016~2022年北京市环境监测和气象观测数据,结合后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区贡献分析北京市臭氧（O₃）污染特征、气象影响和潜在源区.结果表明,2016~2022年北京市共发生41次具有跳变特征的O₃污染过程,平均为5.9次·a^-1,发生时间集中在5~7月,跳变当日（OJD2）较跳变前一日（OJD1）的ρ（O₃-8h）平均值偏高78.3%,峰值浓度偏高78.9%,OJD2区域O₃浓度高值带呈现由南向北推进的特征.北京市跳变O₃污染发生主要原因可归纳为不利气象条件导致的本地积累叠加区域传输影响.跳变型O₃污染发生时具有偏南风频率增加、温度上升、气压降低和降水减少的特征,偏南风频率增加为O₃及其前体物的传输提供条件,在本地高温作用下快速发生光化学反应,叠加降水较少,综合推高OJD2的O₃浓度水平.聚类分析得到6条气团输送路径,OJD2来自偏北方向的气团减少11.2%,来自偏南和偏东方向气团增加6.7%和4.4%,气团以短距离传输为主,偏南和偏东方向对应的O₃浓度较高,对北京污染贡献较大.潜在源区分析揭示OJD2的O₃污染的主要潜在源区是京津冀中南部和东部,贡献了82.6%污染轨迹.跳变型O₃污染区域输送贡献明显,需要加强京津冀区域联防联控．     

乌海市夏季臭氧污染特征及基于过程分析的成因探究

乌海市地形复杂,周边工业园区分布密集,近年来夏季O₃污染问题突出,且污染特征与形成机制尚不明确,分析乌海市O₃变化特征,探究O₃污染形成机制对该区域大气污染防治具有重要意义.本文在分析乌海市2018年6~8月3次持续O₃污染过程特征的基础上,利用WRF-CMAQ模式系统进行模拟并根据过程分析输出结果对污染的成因进行了深入分析,探讨了区域输送和局地光化学反应对乌海市O₃的影响.结果表明,乌海市夏季O₃呈现"单峰"的日变化特征,近地面O₃与向下短波辐射和气温显著呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关;空间分布上,乌海市3个工业园区白天和夜间均为O₃低值区,乌海西南部宁夏石嘴山地区、乌海城区和西北部乌兰布和沙漠地区白天为O₃高值区;过程分析结果表明,输送和化学过程及其相对大小对乌海市O₃有决定性影响,6月和7月的污染过程中局地光化学反应和输送共同导致O₃显著升高,且化学过程的影响是输送的两倍左右,8月O₃的升高主要为输送作用的贡献;进一步对输送作用进行分解可知偏南和西北方向的输送对O₃的升高有较大贡献,结合前体物的排放,可能的传输来源为宁夏银川、石嘴山及巴彦淖尔等区域,因此,乌海市应在控制本地排放的基础上,加强区域联防联控,减少区域传输对O₃的影响.     

2019年昆明市一次臭氧污染过程特征及成因分析

针对2019年4月22—26日昆明出现的臭氧污染过程,利用昆明空气质量数据、气象观测数据、NCEP及ERA5再分析资料,综合气象条件、天气形势、外源输送条件,分析本次污染过程的特征及其成因.结果表明：①本次臭氧污染过程O₃浓度呈“单峰型”变化,7：00—8：00出现每日的谷值,13：00—15：00出现每日的峰值.②高温低湿条件利于O₃的形成,温度为24~29 ℃,相对湿度为15%~35%,风向为东南风和西南风时O₃浓度易超标.③此次污染过程中存在O₃的水平和垂直外源输送,在天气系统的作用下,近地层静稳天气导致污染物的积累和生成,并利于将云南以西区域高浓度O₃向昆明上空水平输送;平流层下层-对流层上层的垂直入侵使高层含高浓度O₃的空气向对流层及近地层输送.④HYSPLIT后向轨迹进一步验证,污染过程外源输送的气团来源于云南以西的中低纬度地区,污染物浓度与气团移动路径及天气系统相吻合.     

2014年北京市城区臭氧超标日浓度特征及与气象条件的关系

根据2014年1~12月北京市环境保护监测中心监测的O₃浓度数据,综合探讨了北京市O₃的时空分布及与其气象条件的关系.结果表明:2014年北京市全年O₃小时平均浓度约为56.18 μg·m^-3,O₃超标日小时平均浓度约为148.05 μg·m^-3且超标日主要集中在5~9月;超标日O₃日变化呈现单峰型分布,06:00或07:00为低谷,15:00、16:00左右达到峰值;超标日O₃浓度在09:00~23:00明显高于夏季同时间段浓度平均;空间分布上中心城区站点O₃浓度相对较低,而城区西部植物园站点浓度最高;统计的2014年北京市O₃超标日地面形势场3种类型高压类、低压类、均压类各占16%、36%、48%;超标日O₃浓度与气压、湿度、能见度呈负相关关系,与风速、温度呈正相关关系; 2014年5月29日~6月1日北京市发生的一次O₃重污染过程是由本地光化学污染及区域输送造成的,区域输送对北京市O₃浓度有着十分重要的影响.     

2015—2019年保定市O3变化及其周边源区分析

利用保定市2015—2019年近地面O₃和气象观测数据,统计分析了该地区O₃变化特征及其与地面气温、相对湿度、风速和风向的关系,并确定了O₃的周边源区.结果表明,2015—2019年保定市O₃污染呈加重趋势,O₃污染超标天数从2015年的63 d增加至2019年的95 d.由于秋冬季昼夜温差较大,导致其O₃日变化相对扰动高于春夏季节.O₃浓度与近地面气温呈非线性正相关关系,随相对湿度（RH）的增加呈阶段性的先增后减的变化趋势,其中当RH为40%~50%时,O₃浓度及其污染超标率均达到最大.此外,风场对O₃分布有重要影响,盛行偏南风时易发生O₃重污染,表明影响该地区O₃污染源区主要位于保定南部.潜在源贡献因子分析方法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）的分析结果表明,保定市春夏O₃源区分布范围最大,其中贡献高值区主要分布在保定以南的河南东部、山东西部,周边源区对保定市O₃污染具有重要影响作用.     

2015—2021年广州地区近地面O3浓度污染特征及其与气象因素关系

利用2015—2021年广州地区近地面逐时臭氧（O₃）观测资料及同期地面气象站常规观测数据,分析了广州地区近地面O₃浓度污染特征及其与气象因素的关系.结果表明：2015—2021年广州地区O₃浓度呈缓慢上升趋势,增速为1.9 μg?m^-3?a^-1,2015和2019年O₃浓度超标天数 最多;O₃平均浓度季节变化明显：秋季＞冬季＞夏季＞春季;O₃浓度空间分布不均匀,城郊地区高于中心城区;峰值中心位于城郊地区白云区,低值中心位于中心城区荔湾区.O₃浓度高峰期是7—10月,9月浓度最高,3月浓度最低;四季O₃浓度日变化均呈“单峰型”结构,最低值出现在7：00—8：00,14：00—16：00达到峰值.近地面O₃平均浓度和O₃超标率均与气温呈正比,当气温＞15 ℃开始出现臭氧超标现象.相对湿度＜50%时,O₃超标率与相对湿度呈正比;相对湿度为40%~50%时,O₃超标率达峰值为16.3%.当风速＜2 m?s^-1时,O₃超标率与风速呈正比;当风速＞ 2 m?s^-1时,O₃超标率与风速呈反比.高温、低湿、风小是广州地区产生高浓度O₃的主要气象因子.     

2013—2016年珠海地区臭氧浓度特征及其与气象因素的关系

利用珠海地区两个代表性环境空气质量国控站（吉大站、斗门站）2013—2016年连续4年的逐时臭氧（O₃）浓度监测资料和离两个国控站最近的基本气象站（珠海气象站、斗门气象站）同期逐时气象资料,综合应用统计分析、个例剖析、HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类分析和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）方法,研究了珠海地区臭氧浓度特征及其与气象因素的关系.结果表明：①干季珠海市O₃浓度最高且超标天数最多,高温低湿条件有利于O₃的形成;②位于内陆的斗门站O₃污染浓度、污染频率明显高于位于沿海的吉大站;③风场对珠海地区O₃浓度分布有重要影响,东北风或偏北风风速为3~4 m·s^-1时下风向珠海地区O₃浓度最高;④10月O₃重污染个例剖析表明,区域输送对珠海地区O₃污染有重要影响.HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类分析表明,影响珠海地区O₃污染的气团来源中受广东中东部气流影响时污染最重,与潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）表明的该污染个例的污染潜在源区主要为广东中东部的东莞、广州增城、河源及以北地区的结论一致.     

南京北郊O3、NO2和SO2浓度变化及长/近距离输送的影响

利用2008年1月—2010年12月南京北郊O₃、NO₂和SO₂质量浓度连续观测资料结合后向轨迹模式,采用聚类分析对轨迹进行分类和KZ滤波器对数据组分进行分离的方法,讨论了南京北郊气体污染物(O₃、NO₂和SO₂)的质量浓度变化规律及长/近距离输送对该地区污染气体的影响.结果表明,南京北郊春末夏初(5、6月)O₃月均浓度出现最大值,12月出现最小值;NO₂在春季(3—5月)月平均浓度相对较高,8月份浓度全年最低,而SO₂浓度在6、7月出现最低值.不同季节气体污染物浓度日变化各有特点,O₃呈单峰分布,12:00—15:00出现浓度最大值;NO₂浓度高值则出现在夜间;SO₂在清晨出现最大值,另外,春秋冬季SO₂呈双峰型分布.长/近距离输送对南京北郊污染气体影响的分析表明,在西南方向的近距离输送影响下,该地区O₃浓度将会出现明显的高值;传输速度较慢的西北气流则会促使该地区形成高浓度的NO₂;长距离输送对O₃和NO₂的贡献与气团输送距离有关,说明该地区O₃和NO₂是区域性问题.另外,当在传输速度较慢的偏东气流的控制下,SO₂的浓度较高,说明SO₂的高浓度事件与偏东方向的近距离输送有关.     

上海市夏季臭氧污染特征及削峰方案

随着大气污染治理措施的不断推进,近年来上海市PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的下降趋势,但O₃污染现象依然频发,因此分析O₃污染发生规律,科学制定O₃削峰方案是目前亟需解决的问题.本研究以2017年7月为例,期间长三角17个城市累计O₃污染天数165 d,其中上海最为严重,7月超标率为64.5%,分析前体物浓度和气象要素,主要是由于高温、低湿、小风不利气象条件和较高的前体物排放共同导致,期间上海市NO₂平均浓度为27.1 μg·m^-3,VOCs体积分数为22.5×10^-9.通过WRF-CMAQ情景模拟,仅上海进行前体物削减,对区域性O₃污染控制较为有限,建议多城市共同削减,上海及邻近周边9城市削减VOCs排放30%,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度可下降7.2%,如果扩大到17个城市削减,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度降幅为7.8%.同时建议严格控制前体物削减比例,VOCs ：NO_x削减比例应大于3 ：1,否则会导致部分地区O₃浓度反弹.     

基于天气背景天津大气污染输送特征分析

区域输送是大气污染防治中需要考虑的重要因素,本文利用大气化学模式定量估算2016年10月~2017年9月区域输送对天津的影响,重点基于天气背景分析区域输送影响和气象条件的关系,为京津冀地区大气污染联防联控提供支撑.结果表明,京津冀地区各城市区域输送贡献百分率平原城市显著高于沿山城市,天津一次PM_2.5本地贡献62.9%,区域输送贡献37.1%,主要受沧州、廊坊、河北中南部、北京、唐山和山东等地输送影响,每年4~6月区域输送最显著,7~8月区域输送最弱.区域输送与天气形势、风场和降水等气象条件密切相关,高压后和锋前低压是区域输送占比最高的两种污染天气类型,西南风、西风和南风3个风向下天津大气污染输送影响最为明显,风速2~3 m ·s^-1时最有利于PM_2.5区域传输,降水超过5 mm以上将降低大气污染物区域传输效率.对于不同污染类型和重污染阶段,轻度污染天气时区域输送贡献最为明显,比均值偏高20.5%,重污染天气虽受静稳气团控制,但由于周边区域高浓度的PM_2.5,污染气团迁移对区域内污染聚集传输有显著影响,重污染期间PM_2.5输送贡献占比超过均值,约偏高10%~15%.重污染过程中,开始积累阶段和峰值阶段,输送贡献占比高于其它时期,与暴发阶段相比偏高14.5%和19.5%,重污染暴发阶段本地排放贡献更明显,比均值偏高9.9%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.