广州市宾馆室内空气中苯系物来源及健康风险初步评估

选择广州市20家不同星级的宾馆,用不锈钢采样罐采集客房空气样品,并用预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用系统检测.宾馆客房空气中8种苯系物的总浓度平均值为273.1μg/m3,范围为2.3~1058μg/m3.苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯平均值分别为22.9,151.6,46.4和60.5μg/m3.苯平均值变动范围为0.7~72.2μg/m3,均低于我国室内空气质量标准GB/T 18883-2002的限值,但初步计算表明苯暴露对宾馆工作人员和经常入住人群的致癌风险超过1′10-6.甲苯平均浓度范围为1.4~841μg/m3,按我国空气质量标准超标率为24%.宾馆苯系物浓度与星级和装修时间没有显著相关性,一些最近期装修的宾馆可能因采用环保装修材料,苯系物浓度反而相对较低.苯系物浓度最高的数个宾馆装修时间2~5a,其苯与甲苯浓度比值(B/T)都比较低,苯系物来源以室内释放为主.虽然因通风原因宾馆客房苯系物浓度受所处地段室外空气质量影响,但我们的研究表明降低宾馆客房内苯系物水平的最关键因素是采用环保的室内装修材料和产品.     

兰州市大气苯系物的化学活性特征与健康风险评价

利用热脱附-气相色谱质谱法测定了2017年12月—2018年6月兰州市5个采样点大气环境中14种苯系物的浓度,利用OFP(臭氧生成潜势)、L~(OH)(羟基消耗速率)和SOAFP(二次有机气溶胶生成潜势)分析其化学活性特征,应用特征物种比值法探讨了BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的来源,并进行其健康风险评估.结果表明:兰州市大气苯系物的浓度为4.64～32.13μg·m~(-3),平均浓度为14.71μg·m~(-3),且具有冬季夏季春季的特点,5个采样点苯系物总浓度大小顺序为D(18.27μg·m~(-3)) B(17.75μg·m~(-3)) C(14.28μg·m~(-3)) E(12.97μg·m~(-3)) A(10.26μg·m~(-3)).苯系物的L~(OH)为2.64 s~(-1),而苯乙烯和2-甲基萘是关键活性物种;苯系物的OFP为65.05μg·m~(-3),其中甲苯、二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯和1,2,4-三甲苯的OFP值较大;苯系物的SOAFP为0.98μg·m~(-3),甲苯和2-甲基萘的贡献较高.B/T(苯/甲苯)值表明,兰州市大气苯系物主要来源于生物质燃料和煤炭燃烧排放;X/E(二甲苯/乙苯)和E/B(乙苯/苯)值表明,污染物气团主要来自本地排放源.人体健康风险评估结果表明,兰州市大气苯系物的非致癌风险(HI=0.05)均小于USEPA建议安全阈值(HI1),致癌风险是安全阈值(1×10~(-6))的3.6倍,显示苯系物对暴露人群存在潜在致癌风险.     

随州市环境空气中苯系物的污染特征

2013年1月对随州市环境空气中苯系物(BTEX-苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度进行了监测,并分析了其变化规律及影响因素。结果表明,随州市环境空气中几种苯系物的浓度差异明显,其中苯的浓度最高,平均浓度为58.92μg/m3,甲苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯的平均浓度分别为15.17、7.69、22.46、12.11μg/m3。对比发现,环境空气中苯系物的日间浓度高于夜间,工业区苯系物的浓度高于居住区和商业区。用SPSS软件对监测数据进行了分析,结果表明,溶剂的挥发和涂料喷涂行业是苯的重要来源。苯系物的浓度变化特征与交通尾气排放、化石燃料燃烧、光化学反应活动等密切相关。     

上海市文教区大气中苯系物冬季污染特征

2004年冬天对上海市文教区大气中的苯系物(BTEX-苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯)浓度进行了监测.结果表明,上海市文教区冬季苯、甲苯、乙苯、对问二甲苯、邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为13.23 μg/m3,43.66 μ g/m3,13.50μg/m3,16.49 μ g/m3,5.52μg/m3,高于国内外相似功能区的苯系物浓度,与国外大城市交通干道附近的浓度相近.所测苯系物中,甲苯的含量最高,达47.3%.白天苯系物浓度高于夜间.甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯相互间具有较好的相关性,但与苯的相关性不显著,说明苯的来源不同与其他苯系物.     

合肥市典型区域夏季苯系物的浓度变化研究

通过对长江西路苯系物浓度数据的分析,得到了合肥市交通干道苯系物浓度的时间变化规律。结果表明,长江西路苯系物中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯、甲基乙苯和三甲苯的月均浓度分别是3. 31μg/m~3、9. 93μg/m~3、11. 56μg/m~3和5. 75μg/m~3。工作日苯系物浓度比周末要高,但苯系物的浓度整体较低,其污染情况与国内外其他城市相比,处于相对良好的水平。CO与苯系物都具有显著的相关性,并且苯系物间各物质也具有显著的相关性,说明苯系物都主要来自交通源。B/T的值为0. 33,说明除了受交通源的影响外还有可能受乙醇汽油、涂料的使用和溶剂的挥发等的影响。     

大学校园室内BTEX浓度水平变化规律及健康风险

采用Tenax-TA吸附/热脱附-气相色谱法(TD-GC)对大学校园室内外空气中5种苯系物(BTEX,苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯和邻二甲苯)的平均浓度进行了检测。检测结果显示,5种苯系物的平均浓度均低于国家标准值。被测空气的苯系物中甲苯所占比例最大,为27.9%～32.0%。室内BTEX浓度稍高于室外,多数采样点的室内浓度与室外浓度比值(CI/CO)大于1.0。通风可有效降低空气中苯系物浓度。大学校园室内空气中的苯对学生的致癌风险为3.67×10-7～1.09×10-6。     

炼焦过程中单环芳烃排放及源特征

通过不锈钢采样罐采样和液氮预浓缩/气相色谱/质谱系统分析,研究我国山西某地的土法炼焦和机械炼焦生产过程中单环芳烃(MAHs)的排放情况.炼焦过程MAHs以苯、甲苯、(间+对)-二甲苯为主要成分,苯和总MAHs浓度在土法炼焦烟气中最高达3421.0μg/m3和4865.9μg/m³,在机械炼焦无组织排放气体和烟气中分别为548.7μg/m³、1054.8μg/m³和1376.4μg/m³、1819.4μg/m³.焦炭生产过程中MAHs浓度变化显著:土法炼焦过程MAHs前期释放浓度高于后期;机械炼焦无组织排放MAHs在装煤和出焦时明显升高;而机械炼焦烟气中则是装煤时最高,出焦时最低.苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)散点图和相关性分析显示机械炼焦释放MAHs主要来自煤的高温分解,而土法炼焦中MAHs释放则可能除焦煤不完全燃烧释放外还受别的因素影响.苯/甲苯/乙苯/二甲苯比值(B/T/E/X)特别是苯/乙苯(B/E)值显示炼焦释放的MAHs具有不同于其它来源的特征.     

我国8种市售蚊香燃烧烟气中多环芳烃的排放特征

利用GC-MS对8种具有代表性的市售蚊香燃烧烟气中16种列入美国环境保护署(US EPA)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析. 结果表明:有烟蚊香烟气中16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出(6号蚊香除外),排放因子较大的化合物主要有萘、苊、二氢苊、菲和荧蒽;无烟蚊香烟气中仅检出10～11种,排放因子最大的化合物是菲,其次为萘;各种蚊香烟气中PAHs均以2～3环化合物为主,约占排放量的83.3%～98.0%. 同无烟蚊香相比,有烟蚊香烟气中PAHs的排放量较大,毒性也较高. 根据烟气中PAHs排放因子估算出一盘蚊香燃烧后烟气中苯并［a］芘排放量相当于燃烧4支香烟,PAHs排放量相当于燃烧8支香烟;蚊香燃烧后室内空气中ρ(PAHs)高达1 486.60 ng/m3,其中ρ(苯并［a］芘)为8.07 ng/m3,超过其《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T18883─2002)中的日均限值.      

典型工业无组织源VOCs排放特征

选取制药厂、酿酒厂和橡胶厂分析了不同工艺过程VOCs排放特征.结果表明,制药厂安乃近合成和氨基比林合成的VOCs排放以苯、甲苯和苯乙烯等苯系物为主,乙酰氨基酚合成的VOCs排放主要以C4～C6的烷烃为主,酿酒厂和橡胶厂VOCs排放均以甲苯、乙苯和间,对二甲苯为主.采用最大增量反应活性法对臭氧生成潜势进行分析,制药厂安乃近合成和氨基比林合成VOCs单位臭氧生成潜势以苯、甲苯等苯系物为主;乙酰氨基酚合成以顺-2-丁烯、甲苯和异戊烷为主;酿酒厂、橡胶厂以甲苯、乙苯、间,对二甲苯为主.同时采用阈稀释倍数对VOCs进行恶臭分析,制药厂和酒厂无组织排放VOCs恶臭污染程度较轻,橡胶厂的伸缩装置车间和硫化车间的无组织VOCs排放存在一定程度的恶臭污染.     

中国住宅室内BTEX浓度水平及其影响因素

2016年12月～2017年12月在全国5个气候区的223户民用住宅中进行不同季节入户,对空气中污染物采样,并对苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯)浓度进行分析.苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯的算术平均浓度分别为6. 78、17. 4、17. 68和9. 87μg·m~(-3).相比其他国家室内苯系物浓度,中国室内苯系物浓度稍高;我国相关标准对于室内苯系物浓度的标准限值远高于其他国家和组织的标准限值.在众多影响室内苯系物浓度的因素中,主要分析了装修完工时间、吸烟和做饭频率与苯系物浓度的相关性.结果表明,室内苯系物浓度仅在装修后2 a内有明显地降低;与装修完工时间呈不显著的负相关关系;装修程度一致时,吸烟和不吸烟家庭中室内苯系物浓度无显著性差异,但吸烟时散发的苯可能更易于以三手烟的形式存在室内,长期室内苯的贡献率大于甲苯;做饭时产生的挥发性有机物主要是烷烃和醛酮类,而房间中苯系物浓度与做饭频率的相关性不大.     

天津市西南部苯系物浓度季节及空间变化特征

采用预冷冻浓缩系统和气相色谱/质谱联用仪,对天津市西南部BTEX（苯系物）浓度（以ρ计）进行了网格布点观测. 结果表明:ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(间/对二甲苯)和ρ(邻二甲苯)的年均值分别为8.54、20.49、6.41、13.44和3.68 μg/m3,其中ρ(苯)和ρ(甲苯)均低于欧洲标准限值. 各BTEX浓度季节变化明显,与当地大气稳定度、光化学反应以及即时气象条件等因素密切相关. 利用各BTEX浓度的相关性,分析了不同类型采样点BTEX的来源,并证明工业企业和居民住宅附近存在非同源性苯和甲苯排放源. B/T〔ρ(苯)与ρ(甲苯)之比〕年均值为0.49,接近我国机动车尾气排放特点,但B/T值呈现出的季节变化特点可能与天津市供暖期燃煤排放有一定的关联.      

2012年夏季天津城区BTEX污染特征与臭氧潜势分析

采用AMA GC5000BTX在线色谱仪监测天津城区2012年夏季大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和间-对二甲苯(苯系物,BTEX)的浓度,并结合其最大增量活性因子(MIR)计算各组分的最大臭氧生成潜势量.结果表明,观测期间BTEX浓度均值为38.72μg/m3,其中甲苯和间-对二甲苯浓度最高,乙苯和苯次之,邻二甲苯最低, BTEX存在明显的日变化特征,受大气光化学反应和边界层扩散能力共同影响,午后浓度最低,夜间BTEX浓度维持在较高水平,各BTEX日变化趋势一致.苯与甲苯质量浓度的比值为0.77,表明机动车排放是BTEX的主要来源,但石油化工和涂料挥发等因素也对其存在影响.经计算,间-对二甲苯的最大臭氧生成潜势量最高,甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯相当,苯最低, 表明BTEX中间-对二甲苯的光化学反应活性最强.     

长沙市环境空气中BTEX的污染特征及健康风险

BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等)是对空气质量和人体健康具有重要影响的挥发性有机物.为研究长沙市城市大气BTEX污染特征,选择2个典型城市站点(采样点S和W)于2017年8月进行了连续采样分析.结果显示:2个采样点BTEX平均浓度分别为(9.84±5.44),(6.35±4.68)μg/m3;其中间/对-二甲苯是占比...     

Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China

The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 μg/m³, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 μg/m³, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity.     

蚊香燃烧产物中多环芳烃的分布规律及相关性研究

对蚊香燃烧后的烟气和灰烬样品进行采集,利用GC-MS方法分析其中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对烟气和灰烬中各PAHs组分及总量间的相关关系进行探讨.结果表明:蚊香烟气中16种PAHs均有检出,排放量较大的组分主要有萘、苊、二氢苊、菲和荧蒽,并以2～3环PAHs为主;灰烬中PAHs也以2～3环化合物为主,但排放总量仅为烟气中的4.7%～21.8%.通过与其他室内燃烧源PAHs排放量的对比发现,蚊香灰烬中总PAHs排放量低于卫生香源和木柴源,但比香烟源高一个数量级以上;烟气中总PAHs排放量低于燃煤源、木柴源和卫生香源,但明显高于烹调源.回归分析结果表明,烟气中总PAHs排放量与灰烬中的排放量表现出明显的线性关系(R2=0.9054).     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.     

Commuter exposure to BTEX in public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand

Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs.     

Air quality nearby road traffic tunnel portals： BTEX monitoring

A monitoring campaign of BTEX （benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o- m- and p-xylene） was carried out nearby two tunnel portals in the urban area of Naples with the aim to verify air quality in this kind of urban sites. Sampling was carried out using the active adsorption technique. Sampling time was 1 h. Ambient temperature and traffic flow measurements were carried out during each sampling operation. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations at both sites exceed the limit value of 10 μg/Nm^3 established by the European Community （EC） （Dir. 2000/69）. Concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high as well. A correlation between BTEX concentration and two wheeler vehicle flow was observed.