磺胺甲唑对海水养殖废水处理过程中抗性细菌及抗性基因的富集作用

抗生素在海水养殖过程中大量使用,但仅有少部分被生物体利用,含有抗生素的废水进入水处理系统后,抗生素、抗性菌和抗性基因的响应过程尚不完全清楚.应用缺氧/好氧移动床生物膜反应器（A/O-MBBR）处理含磺胺甲唑（SMX）的海水养殖废水,探究在SMX选择压力下,反应器内抗生素和抗性基因丰度的变化规律,以及微生物群落和可培养的抗性细菌种群的响应.结果表明,在进水SMX浓度为500 μg·L^-1,水力停留时间为8 h,SMX加入初期会对NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的去除率有轻微影响,随后逐步恢复;同时去除约32%的SMX,且78%以上SMX在缺氧区完成;抗性基因在缺氧区富集明显高于好氧区,在缺氧区磺胺类抗性基因（sul1）绝对丰度上升2.43 log,磺胺类抗性基因（sul2）上升1.71 log;而在好氧区,sul1 绝对丰度上升1.17 log,sul2 上升0.91 log.抗性平板培养结合高通量测序表明,假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）在反应器可培养抗性细菌中占最优势.高通量测序分析发现可培养的抗性细菌假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）在反应器内占比最高.表明含SMX的海水养殖废水可促进水中抗性基因的富集,部分抗性细菌的数量显著增加.     

抗生素降解菌剂对猪粪堆肥腐熟和细菌群落演替的影响

接种抗生素降解菌可促进畜禽粪便中抗生素去除,但相关污染物降解菌对堆肥进程及土著微生物群落演替的影响研究甚少.分析一种以抗生素降解菌种为核心的复合微生物菌剂在猪粪抗生素去除中的作用,探究接种菌剂对猪粪堆肥理化进程以及细菌群落演替的影响.结果表明,抗生素降解菌剂接种处理猪粪中抗生素去除率达81.95%,与对照相比,其抗生素残留总量下降42.18%.在堆肥条件下,接种抗生素降解菌剂促进了猪粪堆肥升温,加速了堆体水分去除,降低了堆肥中氨气和硫化氢累积排放量,使得堆肥产物中氮磷钾总养分含量和萝卜种子发芽指数分别提高6.80%和68.33%,同时堆肥产物中稳定性有机质含量增加,纤维素和半纤维素等难分解物质含量下降.细菌群落结构分析指出,接种菌剂提高了堆肥中放线菌门和厚壁菌门细菌的相对丰度,其中与堆体升温正相关的嗜热菌丰度显著增加（P<0.01）,而致病细菌相对丰度下降.细菌群落共现网络分析表明,接种菌剂改变堆肥土著细菌群落互作模式,降低了细菌群落网络的复杂度和连通性,优化了有益细菌与其他菌群的生态关系,为建立新的和更加健康的堆肥细菌群落奠定了基础,可为抗生素降解菌剂在堆肥中的应用开发提供了科学依据.     

外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的影响

为研究外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的影响,选取市政污水处理厂脱水污泥、花生壳和堆肥返混料作为堆肥材料,采用室内静态堆肥加翻堆方式,通过测定30,50,55℃下堆肥过程中堆体理化性质和抗性基因（tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3）及一类整合子丰度,分析3种外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因变化的影响。结果表明:50,55℃外环境温度堆肥条件可有效降解污泥堆肥过程中tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3抗性基因丰度,在堆肥结束时总ARGs降解率达到66%~83%,而30℃外环境堆肥结束时,总ARGs降解率为30%左右。移动遗传元件IntI1的丰度变化与ARGs的丰度变化趋势相似,堆肥结束时50℃和55℃的外环境温度对堆体中IntI1的降解率达到92%以上,高于30℃条件71.9%的降解率,其原因可能是适当高的外环境温度会抑制堆体中部分微生物的生长代谢,减少了IntI1的传播,进而影响ARGs的传播。30℃外环境温度堆肥条件下,堆体在第36天达到腐熟,发芽指数为59.80%;而50℃和55℃堆肥条件下,在第28天即可达到腐熟,发芽指数达到60%,腐熟速度明显高于30℃条件。研究表明,50℃和55℃的外环境温度堆肥条件和30℃相比可以缩短腐熟所需时间,且对tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3抗性基因及IntI1丰度有很好的降解效果。因此,堆肥时适当提高外环境温度对污泥发酵和其中ARGs有一定的影响,理论上具有一定的可行性。     

林可霉素菌渣堆肥抗生素抗性基因变化分析

为了研究抗生素菌渣堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的变化情况,以林可霉素菌渣-糠醛渣堆肥为研究对象,以污泥-糠醛渣堆肥为对照.运用荧光定量PCR技术检测到了堆肥过程中lnuA-01、sul1、ermA、ermB、ermC等5种林可霉素抗性基因和整合子基因intI1的变化情况.结果表明,堆肥化处理可以降解99%的林可霉素残留,两者堆肥ARGs总量绝对丰度均有较大增加,而相对丰度降低5%~22%.同时发现林可霉素菌渣堆肥有助于intI1的富集,表明林可霉素菌渣堆肥存在生态风险.冗余分析显示,ARGs变化受环境因子影响严重,影响顺序为pH值 > 林可霉素残留 > 温度 > C/N.     

土壤改良剂对再生水滴灌根际土壤菌群多样性及病原菌和抗生素抗性基因丰度的影响

基于再生水农业灌溉利用引发的人体健康和环境风险,通过施用土壤改良剂揭示再生水灌溉根际土壤菌群组成与多样性变化特征,并探讨土壤改良剂对根际土壤病原菌和抗生素抗性基因丰度变化的影响规律,对于土壤改良剂的合理施用具有指导意义.采用高通量测序技术和定量PCR检测方法,研究了生物质炭、生物有机肥、腐植酸、松土精和玉米酒糟对再生水滴灌根际土壤细菌群落多样性及特定基因丰度的影响.结果表明,生物质炭处理显著增加根际土壤有机质和总氮含量;生物有机肥处理显著增加EC值和有机质含量;玉米酒糟处理显著增加EC值、总氮和总磷含量（P<0.05）.除生物质炭处理外,其他各处理均能显著降低根际土壤pH （P<0.05）.5种改良剂处理下根际土壤细菌群落组成与多样性在纲和属水平上较相似,但其相对丰度存在差异.α-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria、Bacteroidia、Actinobacteria、Acidimicrobiia和Anaerolineae为所有处理中的优势菌纲,优势菌属组成包括：Pseudomonas、Sphingobium、Sphingomonas、Cellvibrio、Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium、Flavobacterium和Algoriphagus（相对丰度>1%）.环境因子关联分析表明,根际土壤细菌群落组成与pH、EC、总氮和总磷含量之间存在较强的关联.病原菌与抗生素抗性基因的检出丰度分别在10³~10⁷ copies ·g^-1和10⁴~10⁸ copies ·g^-1.改良剂对病原菌和抗生素抗性基因检出水平存在较大差异,生物有机肥、松土精和玉米酒糟处理均会导致部分抗生素抗性基因丰度显著增加,而腐植酸和玉米酒糟处理下丁香假单胞菌、茄科雷尔氏菌和大肠菌群丰度显著降低（P<0.05）.弓形菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、成团泛菌和粪拟杆菌与四环素类（tetA、tetB、tetO和tetQ）、磺胺类（sul1）和红霉素类（ermB和ermC）抗性基因丰度存在显著相关性.研究认为监测再生水灌溉下农业环境中病原菌和抗生素抗性基因的同时,也要关注土壤改良剂的合理施用避免加剧生物污染的散播.     

青霉素菌渣堆肥中β-内酰胺酶基因丰度变化

为了解抗生素菌渣堆肥中抗生素残留对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)环境行为的影响,以青霉素菌渣堆肥为对象,采用实时定量PCR方法分析了8种典型β-内酰胺酶基因,bla_(-TEM)、bla_(-CTX-M-1)、bla_(-CTX-M-9)、bla_(-IMP-1)、bla_(-VIM-2)、bla_(-CMY)、bla_(-OXA-23)、bla_(-NDM-1)在整个堆肥过程中的丰度变化.结果表明,高温堆肥处理大大缩短了青霉素的降解时间;bla-NDM-1在所有样品中均未检出.通过比较β-内酰胺酶基因在不同处理中第1d和30d的绝对数量变化,在处理组中除bla_(-IMP-1)、bla_(-VIM-2)基因绝对数量有所增加外;其他基因都明显减少.从相对丰度看,在堆肥前期,青霉素残留对bla_(-TEM)、bla_(-CTX-M-1)、bla_(-CTX-M-9)、bla_(-CMY)、bla_(-OXA-23)、bla_(-VIM-2)基因有一定诱导富集效应.随着堆肥进程及菌渣堆肥中抗生素浓度的降低,到了堆肥末期,各处理组及对照组bla_(-TEM)、bla_(-CTX-M-1)、bla_(-CTX-M-9)、bla_(-CMY)的相对丰度较堆肥前期显著降低;而处理组中bla_(-IMP-1)、bla_(-VIM-2)的相对丰度较堆肥前期显著增加.     

电场促进畜禽粪便好氧堆肥中DOM演化的光谱学研究

好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便处置和资源化利用的主要途径.传统好氧堆肥（CAC）技术存在堆体温度低、发酵周期长、腐熟效果差等缺陷.最近研究发现,电场辅助好氧堆肥（EAAC）可快速促进堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期,减少温室气体排放,具有潜在的应用前景.然而,电场促进堆肥过程中水溶性有机物（DOM）演化及腐殖化过程尚未清晰.基于此,本文采用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）等多种光谱技术分析了EAAC过程中DOM的演变规律.UV-Vis与3D-EEM分析表明,EAAC过程中,蛋白类物质在3 d内几乎被完全分解,富里酸和腐殖酸类物质在高温期（6~18 d）大量形成.EAAC的腐殖化指数（HI=HA/FA）高于CAC,E₄/E₆低于CAC,说明堆肥过程中DOM芳香化和腐殖化的速度与程度均优于CAC. FTIR分析显示,EAAC过程中DOM的碳水化合物、脂肪类物质逐渐减少,芳香族化合物不断增加,其腐殖化趋势明显比CAC更快.相关性分析显示,P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与A_240~400、SUVA₂₅₄、E₂₅₃/E₂₂₀等UV-Vis光谱指标呈显著正相关（r>0.8, p<0.05）,可以作为评价EAAC腐熟度的重要指标.上述结果表明,电场辅助好氧堆肥可加速DOM中蛋白类物质分解,加快富里酸和腐殖酸类物质形成,促进DOM结构的芳香化.     

添加辅料对污泥堆肥产品的生物肥效的影响

为探讨添加辅料对好氧共堆肥效果的影响,设置分别添加木屑、蘑菇渣、微生物发酵菌和酸化生物质炭进行好氧共堆肥实验研究。通过正交实验,以堆体最高温度和>50 ℃天数为基准,得出最佳堆肥质量配比为:污泥66.9%、微生物发酵菌0.1%、木屑20%、蘑菇渣8%和生物质炭5%。该条件下,堆肥第4天,堆体最高温度达到69 ℃,温度高于50 ℃的天数为15 d,满足堆肥无害化指标要求;TKN、TP和TK养分含量较高,分别达到3.76,0.65,1.08 g/kg,发芽指数GI随着堆肥时间的延长逐渐增长,GI值最高达到156%;将堆肥产品用于土壤改良,并通过种植海芋发现经过土壤改良后的荒地,海芋的存活率更高。检测堆肥产品和改良土壤样品浸出液中的重金属浓度均低于1 mg/L,说明堆肥产品中重金属在施用中不易进入自然环境中造成二次污染。     

多杀菌素菌渣无害化处理与肥料化利用研究

针对抗生素发酵生产残余菌渣所引发的环境危害问题,以多杀菌素菌渣为研究对象,通过好氧堆肥工艺探究其资源化的可行性,设定不同的初始C/N,分析了反应过程中堆体pH、电导率（EC）、三维荧光图谱（3D-EEMs）等指标变化规律,并用初始C/N=20组的堆肥样品进行土壤模拟试验,以评估多杀菌素菌渣肥在使用过程中对土壤环境和微生物的影响。堆肥实验结果表明：多杀菌素去除率达到90%以上,堆体理化指标均处于适宜范围;3D-EEMs表明：堆肥过程中色氨酸类物质被微生物充分利用,腐殖酸类物质累积,堆体达到较好的腐熟效果;土壤模拟实验结果表明：1%和6%的抗生素残留低于检测限（多杀菌素A 2.0μg/kg,多杀菌素D 1.5μg/kg）。此外,投加了菌渣肥使土壤的微生物多样性提升。以上结果表明,多杀菌素菌渣经过堆肥化处理有助于改善土壤性能。     

高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为揭示高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征,分析了抗生素抗性基因在菜地、果园和耕地土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,所有土壤样品中共检出70种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动基因元件,其中β-内酰胺类cphA-01抗性基因是农用地土壤中相对丰度最高的耐药基因.在菜地和果园土壤中,主要的抗性基因亚型为cphA-01和cmx（A）,而耕地土壤以mexF和aacC基因为主.土壤中抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度和多样性均表现为：耕地<菜地<果园,这与不同农用地土壤的养分条件差异有关.类似地,土壤中可移动基因元件的相对丰度和多样性均以耕地土壤为最低,而其最高值分别出现在菜地和果园样品中.高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中可移动基因元件与抗生素抗性基因丰度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明基因水平迁移可能促进抗生素抗性基因在高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中扩散.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.