铜矿尾矿库复垦种植牡丹可行性研究

对铜陵市凤凰山铜矿废弃尾矿库上复垦种植牡丹可行性进行了试验，通过合理选择不同对照地，从土壤的理化性质，被污染程度比较，为尾矿库复垦的土壤改良提供依据。并对种植的牡丹从生长情况、药用成分、微量元素含量等进行了分析了评价，认为在铜尾矿库中复垦种植的牡丹可以作为中草药。     

连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性及群落特征的影响

为探究连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、土壤微生物活性和群落特征的影响.以休耕5 a再种植党参的地块(CK)和不同连作年限的党参种植田为研究对象,采用Illumina高通量测序技术结合土壤理化性质分析,探讨了党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性和微生物群落特征对连作年限的响应.结果表明,党参根际土壤有机碳、全磷、全氮和盐分的含量随着连作年限的延长而增加,而土壤pH值则随着连作年限的延长而降低.较CK处理,连作1 a、 2 a、 3 a和4 a的党参根际土壤有机碳含量分别增加了11.1%、 80.5%、 74.9%和78.2%,全磷含量分别增加了11.8%、 52.9%、 66.7%和78.4%,全氮含量分别增加了31.3%、 68.8%、 52.1%和56.3%.连作3 a和4 a时土壤盐分含量显著增加,较CK处理,土壤电导率分别增加了54.2%和84.7%.根际土壤中微生物生物量碳氮比随着连作年限的延长而呈现增加的趋势,土壤呼吸熵和微生物熵则呈现降低的趋势.随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌多样性和丰度降低,真菌多样性和丰度增加.此外,随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌群落之间的拮抗作用增强,而真菌群...     

有色金属尾矿库土地复垦与环境治理效益估算研究进展

有色金属矿山选矿形成的尾矿库是潜在的高风险重金属污染源,闭库后应及时进行土地复垦与环境治理.有色金属尾矿库的综合整治效果如何,可以通过合理的效益估算来分析,有效的效益估算往往涉及多学科领域的专业知识.在归纳总结国内外有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益相关研究的基础上,系统地阐述了复垦治理经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益的概念、内容及其估算方法.对已有有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的研究表明:尾矿库复垦的直接经济效益较小,主要是估算复垦区内植物的经济收益以及采用收益还原法估算复垦土地的增值收益;社会效益主要是采用价值法和替代法针对增加就业和社会保障进行估算,较少关注复垦治理对社会其他方面的贡献;生态环境效益估算方法主要包括污染损失率法、生态服务价值法及环境价值法等,但与复垦治理技术措施结合较少,效益估算对复垦治理措施优化的作用较弱.总体来看,有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的内容涵盖不够全面,尚未形成适合重度重金属污染尾矿库特点的效益估算体系,效益估算准确性较低.因此,合理确定尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的内容、完善效益估算方法及其数学模型、合理确定模型参数,是有色金属闭库尾矿库土地复垦与环境治理效益估算进一步研究的重点内容.有效的效益估算可为优化有色金属尾矿库复垦治理措施、寻求最佳复垦治理模式及确定复垦治理的资金投入提供依据.      

基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区--延河流域为研究区, 基于GIS和RS技术, 利用2001-2010年延河流域水文站月降雨量数据、MODIS NDVI数据、DEM数据、土壤类型数据和土地利用数据,率定了修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的相关参数,计算了研究区2001-2010年逐年的土壤侵蚀模数, 利用杏河水文站实测的泥沙数据, 验证了模型的有效性,分析了延河流域土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征。结果表明,2001年到2010年延河流域土壤侵蚀模数呈减小趋势,2001年土壤侵蚀模数最大,为6 596.72 t/(km²·a),2008年土壤侵蚀模数最小,减小到2 485.46 t/(km²·a),降低62.32%;2009年由于暴雨冲刷,土壤侵蚀模数显著增大;2010年土壤侵蚀模数和2006、2007年相差不多;土壤侵蚀强度分布比例变化明显,土壤侵蚀强度为强度、极强、剧烈的面积比分别由16.21%、21.93%和12.36%降低为10.85%、4.58%和0.39%。土壤侵蚀强度等级转移矩阵表明大部分地区的土壤侵蚀强度向低一级转移,2001-2005年31.68%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级,2005-2010年42.13%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级。     

煤矿区不同复垦年限的土壤有机碳矿化和酶活性特征

为了解煤矿区长期复垦的生态效应,在晋西北安太堡矿区不同复垦年限的样地采集土壤样品,研究土壤中w（SOC）、w（易降解碳1）、w（易降解碳2）和w（TN）以及有机碳矿化速率和酶活性随复垦年限的变化趋势.结果表明:① 随着复垦年限的延长,土壤容重、pH和w（易降解碳1）显著降低,而w（SOC）、w（TN）、w（易降解碳2）、有机碳矿化潜势和累积量及酶活性均呈增加趋势,复垦年限为23 a的土壤中w（SOC）和w（TN）的最高值分别为22.67和1.21 mg/g;② 相较于土壤中w（SOC）和w（TN）,w（易降解碳2）、有机碳矿化潜势和酶活性随复垦年限延长的变化更为显著,其中过氧化氢酶活性随复垦年限的变幅最大,相较于活性最低样地,25 a样地的酶活性提高了232%,可达156.27 mg/（kg·h）;③ 土壤容重与过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均呈显著负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关.pH与w（易降解碳1）、多酚氧化酶活性均呈显著正相关,而与蔗糖酶活性呈负相关;④ 主成分分析表明,土壤综合肥力指标随复垦进程的推进逐年提高,从-1.19提高至0.86,综合肥力指标和复垦年限间的相关系数可达到0.987（P < 0.001）.可见,综合肥力指标可更全面地指示生态修复进程中的土壤演替进程.      

煤矸石充填不同复垦年限土壤细菌群落结构及其酶活性

基于徐州市3块煤矸石充填复垦地(复垦时间分别为2015、2010和2001年)的土壤样本,采用Illumina PE250测序方法测定微生物群落组分,以未受采煤塌陷影响区的土壤样本为对照地,对比分析充填复垦区细菌群落的垂直结构及其时间变化.结果表明:(1)与对照地相比,复垦土壤在各个分类水平的细菌种类数量减少,群落多样性降低.随着复垦年限的增加,复垦地与对照地的贴近度越高.(2)厚壁菌门、变形菌门是复垦土壤中门水平的优势菌,厚壁菌门在复垦土壤中优势地位上升,有从20~40cm土层向0~20cm土层转移的趋势.(3)芽孢杆菌纲在纲水平占绝对优势,在复垦土壤0~20cm土层中的数量多于对照土壤,在复垦土壤20~40cm土层的数量随年限增加而减少.(4)乳杆菌目、芽孢杆菌目在目水平是优势菌,除硫单胞菌目对重金属污染修复有重要作用,然而在复垦土壤的0~20cm土层中的数量比正常农田土壤少74.81%~99.59%.(5)芽孢杆菌科、肠球菌科、链球菌科是科水平的优势菌,芽孢杆菌属、肠球菌属、乳球菌属是属水平的优势菌,芽孢杆菌属-JH7、屎肠球菌、乳球菌属-piscium是种水平的优势菌,3大类在复垦土壤中的数量比例大于正常农田,且在0~20cm土层中的差别更明显,在复垦土壤的20~40cm土层的数量随年限增加而减少.(6)脱氢酶活性与厚壁菌门下的多种细菌的数量呈显著负相关,与放线菌门的数量呈显著正相关,与γ-变形菌纲的数量呈极显著正相关.随着复垦年限的增加,土壤优势菌群的类型没有变化,但是数量结构在变化.厚壁菌门在缺水和极端环境下适合生长,变形菌门有助于土壤氮素以及能量的循环.采用微生物修复技术,调整土壤细菌群落结构,可以改善土壤质量,缩短土壤恢复年限.     

不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落分析

为了探明不同沼灌年限稻田耕层土壤微生物群落多样性变化,明确稻田耕层土壤微生物群落多样性对不同沼灌年限的响应,本文原位系统采集了不同沼灌年限的稻田土壤,并采用高通量测序技术对不同沼灌年限稻田土壤的微生物群落结构进行了分析.结果表明,随着沼灌年限的增加,土壤pH值逐渐下降,有机质、硝态氮、磷酸盐等养分逐渐累积.沼灌不利于水稻产量的形成.高通量测序技术较全面和准确地反映了不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落结构在门、纲、目、科、属这5个水平上的分布,在沼灌稻田微生物群落多样性的表征方面具有明显的优势.随着沼灌年限的增加,稻田土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度逐渐降低,微生物群落的多样性也逐渐降低.典型对应分析的结果表明,土壤溶解性有机碳(F=2.67,P=0.09)是影响沼灌稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

北部湾钦江流域土壤侵蚀及其硒元素流失评估

以钦江流域2015年的气象数据、遥感数据及数字高程模型、土壤类型以及土壤质地等数据为基础,基于修正的通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）和GIS空间分析技术,定量分析了广西北部湾钦江流域土壤侵蚀及其硒元素流失的空间分布特征.研究结果表明：（1）北部湾钦江流域2015年土壤侵蚀总量为381.64×104t/a,平均土壤侵蚀模数为14.79t/（hm²·a）,小于2010年钦江流域的土壤侵蚀模数,但远大于水利部规定的在南方红壤丘陵区土壤允许流失量;（2）流域土壤侵蚀强度以微度侵蚀为主,侵蚀强度从流域上游到下游依次降低,0~240m之间的高程带以及>15°的坡度带是未来土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域;（3）山地地区的土壤侵蚀模数最高,达23.49t/（hm²·a）,高于流域平均土壤侵蚀模数约1.59倍,丘陵地区次之,而冲积平原最小;（4）流域土壤的硒含量介于0.38~0.72mg/kg之间,平均值0.49mg/kg,高于中国土壤硒元素背景值的1.69倍;（5）不同土地利用类型土壤硒含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加均呈现出减低趋势,硒的含量在不同土地利用类型中的排序为林地 > 园地 > 草地 > 水田 > 旱地,而在不同土壤类型中硒含量大小顺序则为：新积土 > 石灰岩土 > 潜育水稻土 > 淹育水稻土 > 赤红壤 > 潴育水稻土 > 砖红壤 > 滨海沙土 > 紫色土 > 咸酸水稻土.（6）流域土壤硒元素的流失总量为8987.05kg/a,平均流失模数为0.0344kg/（hm²·a）,其中流域中游的硒元素流失量最大.该项研究成果可为钦江市政府开发富硒农产品、发展富硒农业以及提升钦江流域土地利用的价值提供科学依据.     

铜尾矿坝不同恢复年限土壤理化性质和酶活性的特征

金属矿产资源开采使尾矿坝迅速升高,矿区生态环境遭到严重破坏.土壤理化性质和酶活性是衡量生态系统功能的重要指标,可作为评价土壤恢复质量的重要因子.以山西省垣曲县十八河铜尾矿区9个尾矿子坝作为研究对象,分析不同恢复年限子坝土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性之间的关系.结果表明,不同恢复年限子坝的土壤理化性质差异较大,随着恢复年限的增加,土壤养分含量显著升高.过氧化氢酶与碳氮比显著负相关,脲酶与总氮含量和土壤含水量均显著正相关,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶与土壤理化因子之间无显著关系.土壤中铜含量随子坝恢复年限增加而逐渐累积,砷和镉含量先增加后降低,恢复后期逐渐达到稳定水平,各子坝的土壤锌含量无显著差异.为铜尾矿区的土壤生态系统恢复及退化机制的研究提供一定的生态学依据.     

天津滨海地区不同年限吹填土植被恢复与土壤理化性质变异特征

为探索滨海重盐碱地植物恢复过程中土壤理化性质的变异规律,对天津滨海新区5个不同吹填年限的围海吹填区植被特征以及土壤主要理化性质进行综合研究。结果表明:1）随着吹填年限的增加,植被群落由单一的盐地碱蓬群落向盐地碱蓬-芦苇群落及盐地碱蓬-柽柳群落演替,植被种类、植被生物量和植被盖度呈增加趋势;2）随着吹填年限的增加,理化性质发生变异的土层深度也随之增加,0~60 cm土层中土壤容重、含盐量和pH总体呈降低趋势,土壤孔隙度和有机质含量总体呈上升趋势,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量总体无明显规律,且有机质含量和速效氮含量均处于缺乏状态;3）相关性分析结果表明,吹填年限与植被的丰富度、植被盖度、根系深度、植被生物量、土壤总孔隙度及土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而与土壤容重、含盐量、pH、速效钾含量呈显著负相关,与土壤速效氮、速效磷含量无显著关系。上述研究表明,滨海围海吹填区土壤主要理化性质随着吹填年限呈现一定的差异和规律性,植被对于改善滨海吹填土壤理化性质具有直接影响。该研究结果可为滨海重盐碱地的生态建设工作提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.