模拟浓缩液桶内干燥200 L规模全流程试验研究

利用自行研制的浓缩液桶内干燥装置进行了含硼44000 ppm和30000 ppm的模拟浓缩液桶内干燥试验研究.考察了水分蒸发速率、干燥产物含水率和性状、减容比以及去污能力.结果表明:在较高加热温度条件下,干燥过程平均水分蒸发速率可以达到6.0 kg/h,干燥产物含水率≯15%,整体减容比达到了4.0~6.0;但是去污能力较差,干燥过程产生的冷凝水不能直接排放,需要增加处理设备进行处理或返回蒸发器二次浓缩.     

放射性废物桶内干燥整备研究进展

桶内干燥具有很高的减容比,已经逐渐被国外核电站用来处理放射性废液,为我国核电废物贮存和处理提供了一条新的途径。详细介绍了电加热、热风加热和微波加热3种桶内干燥装置的研究应用实例,主要内容包括干燥装置的过程控制、干燥产量(蒸发速率和进料速率)、干燥产物的含水率和减容比。通过分析对比得出,电加热和热空气加热型装置投入产出高,但仅适合流动和传热好的废物整备;微波加热型装置前期投入大,适用却更广,尤其适合底泥等一类含有有机物质的废物。     

微波桶内干燥装置结构初步模拟分析

为探究微波桶内干燥装置结构设计,以HFSS为软件模拟平台,对比12 L规模桶内干燥装置的模拟结果与试验结果,以此为依据推至200 L规模桶内干燥装置。结果表明,入口长边在桶盖上沿径向布置比短边沿径向布置得到的电场强度均匀性要好,建议采用入口长边沿桶盖径向的布置方式;微波入口与物料表面距离可调,即微波桶内干燥装置顶盖与盛装桶之间的连接方式应设计为可调节结构。     

放射性废液桶内干燥装置加热方式初步研究

针对放射性废液桶内干燥装置的研制,就装置的加热方式对目前加热结合桶内干燥装置的要求进行了对比筛选,初步选择微波和热风组合加热方式,在此基础上对微波和热风加热方式进行了试验验证。结果表明,虽然热风加热耗时太长,且微波加热存在盲区,但是两种加热方式干燥模拟废液的效果良好,能够相互补充,因此建议采用微波-热风组合加热方式进行深入研究。     

核电站废离子交换树脂微波干燥可行性研究

目前,核电站产生的废树脂,大多数采用暂存或水泥固化方法,但水泥固化增容比达4.8～5.2。桶内干燥工艺以其工艺简单,减容比大等优点,已在国外核电站得到应用。微波干燥具有由内向外的干燥特点。据报道,微波干燥废树脂的减容比可达5。用微波作为热源,在桶内干燥条件下对核电厂产生的废树脂开展了可行性研究。研究表明,在试验条件下,初始含水率50%左右的树脂,干燥后的含水率均小于10%,减容比为1.5～2。试验结果表明微波干燥废树脂是可行的。     

放射性废物桶内干燥接收输送装置的研制

放射性废物桶内干燥处理前需要对其进行暂存、预处理和输送,通过试验开发了主要由接收缓冲单元、输送单元和树脂沥水单元组成的接收输送装置。试验验证表明该装置能够基本满足放射性废物桶内干燥要求。     

利用超临界水氧化反应系统处理有机废液的经济性分析

超临界水氧化技术是一种能够高效分解有机废物的新型环境友好技术。以质量平衡方程和能量平衡方程为基础,对废液处理量为300 m3/d利用水膜反应器超临界水氧化反应系统的经济性进行分析,并同其他有机废液处理技术进行比较。结果表明:系统的能量利用率可达到56.4%;利用超临界水氧化技术处理有机废液的成本为33.05元/m3左右;该技术处理废液范围广,产物清洁,尤其适用于二恶英、多氯联苯等有毒有害难降解物质的处理,且反应能量和产物CO2可回收利用,不仅经济上可行,还具有很好的环境效益。     

高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究

以滇池流域的典型农业废物蔬菜、花卉废物和鸡舍废物为原料,进行了不同配比的联合堆肥中试研究.一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统,二次发酵采用周期性翻堆自然腐熟.在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持至少3d,最高温度达73.3℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;堆体含水率从75%降低到56%,多余水分得到快速去除;有机质从65%降低到50%,pH值稳定在8.二次发酵后堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析结果表明,产物稳定性好,养分含量高.通过堆肥工艺的优化控制,蔬菜废物、花卉废物和鸡舍废物联合堆肥可以获得高质量的堆肥产品,废物还田能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.     

核电厂新型水泥固化系统技术改进研究

本文简要介绍了核电厂放射性废物水泥固化线系统的基本处理工艺,早期核电厂采用的水泥桶包装容器增容比最在5.8以上,而传统的桶内搅拌存在二次污染和装桶率低于85%的问题,该技术已经不能很好的适应当前废物最小化要求。作者重点阐述了新建核电厂新型水泥固化系统的主要技术改进,技术改进实施情况,技术改进对废物最小化和固体废物最终处置的主要贡献。最后对后续核电厂放射性固体废物处理技术的完善方向提出了一些建议,供后续项目参考。     

新型有机废液焚烧炉炉内燃烧过程的数值模拟

为了实现化工有机废液的减量无害化处理,提出了一种新型废液焚烧炉。以某20 t/h废液焚烧炉为研究对象,利用fluent软件对新型有机废液焚烧炉炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析了炉内温度场分布、速度场、水分浓度场分布。结果表明:炉内一二层燃烧器分级布置的四角切圆燃烧方式能很好的组织废液的干燥及燃烧,焚烧炉设计合理。研究结果可为改进废液焚烧炉的设计提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.