溶氧对富集培养的河口湿地表层沉积物氨氧化菌多样性及氨氧化速率的影响

溶氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)是影响氨氧化过程的一个重要环境因素.为探究DO对氨氧化过程的影响程度及其作用机制,本研究对驯化培养河口湿地表层沉积物所得到的氨氧化菌富集培养物进行DO处理实验,利用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术比较不同DO条件下氨氧化菌多样性,确定DO对氨氧化速率、氨氧化菌多样性的影响规律.结果表明,在饱和及好氧条件下氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落多样性指数(Shannon index)达到2.00和2.05,氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)为2.49和2.03,氨氧化速率分别达到14.20 mg·(L·d)-1和13.36 mg·(L·d)-1,NH4+-N转化率达到93.8%和88.2%.而在缺氧和厌氧条件下AOB群落多样性指数分别为1.76和1.80,AOA为1.27和2.21,氨氧化速率仅为7.82 mg·(L·d)-1和5.66 mg·(L·d)-1,NH4+-N转化率为51.7%和37.4%.相关性分析结果表明,DO浓度与氨氧化速率呈极显著正相关,与AOB多样性指数亦呈显著正相关;DO和氨氧化速率与AOA群落各指数都无相关关系.     

温度对间歇曝气SBR短程硝化及硝化活性的影响

采用SBR反应器处理实际生活污水,单周期分别交替4次(30℃)和7次(18℃)好氧/缺氧模式,好氧/缺氧时间比为30min/30 min.进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度为61.44 mg·L~(-1)和0.77 mg·L~(-1),分别运行61和90周期时,出水氨氮分别为0.68mg·L~(-1)和1.28 mg·L~(-1),氨氮去除率高达98.94%和99.57%;亚硝氮积累浓度达到20.57 mg·L~(-1)和20.18 mg·L~(-1),亚硝氮积累率分别达到95.92%和99.58%.在实现短程硝化过程中,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性逐渐增加最后稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性先增加后逐渐降低,分别在32和74周期时,AOB活性超过NOB活性,AOB成为优势菌种,61和90周期时NOB活性被完全抑制.     

溶解氧对活性污泥系统的脱氮效果和硝化细菌群落结构的影响

通过改变推流式活性污泥系统曝气池内的溶解氧(DO)浓度,考察了DO对脱氮效率的影响,以及硝化细菌的群落结构和多样性随DO浓度降低的变化规律.水质监测结果显示,系统曝气池中DO浓度从3 mg·L~(-1)降低到0.5 mg·L~(-1)运行时,曝气池中的硝化和脱氮效果并未受影响,且氨氮和总氮的去除效果可分别达到98%和85%以上.当DO浓度进一步降低到0.3 mg·L~(-1)和0.2 mg·L~(-1)时,系统的脱氮效果变差,而且难以达到稳定状态.PCR-DGGE和基因测序分析结果显示,氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)所属的Nitrospira的群落结构随DO的变化并不显著,群落结构的动态变化水平分别为20%~40%和10%~40%.Nitrobacter的群落结构随DO浓度的降低发生了明显的变化,不同DO工况下的Nitrobacter群落结构存在较大差异.测序结果显示,AOB中的Nitrosomonas oligotropha,NOB中的Group1 Nitrobacter和Group 1 Nitrospira均是低DO条件下贡献硝化作用的硝化细菌.因此,在低DO(0.5 mg·L~(-1))工况下,完全可以实现稳定的硝化作用,这为污水处理厂降低DO运行提供了可靠的理论依据.     

周村水库主库区热分层初期氮素降低的驱动因子分析

为了探究周村水库热分层前期氮素的变化趋势及其驱动因子,于2016年2~4月定期对周村水库主库区进行水质指标监测,并在采样点采集新鲜水样和表层沉积物,实验室模拟水库氮素变化过程中,水体和沉积物的反硝化作用量.结果表明周村水库在热分层初期,库区总氮浓度由(2.28±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(1.08±0.09)mg·L~(-1),硝氮浓度由(1.66±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(0.25±0.06)mg·L~(-1),氨氮浓度总体变化不大,亚硝氮的浓度几乎不变.与此同时,叶绿素没有明显增加,藻类的影响不大;氮素降低主要由于好氧反硝化菌的反硝化作用造成.热分层初期水库的温度逐渐增加、DO、pH的变化以及以小分子量为主的有机物组成均利用好氧反硝化菌的生长繁殖,菌数从1.06×105cfu·L~(-1)增加到8.33×106cfu·L~(-1),使得水库的反硝化作用增强,水库氮素下降;与此同时的模拟实验中,仅有水体好氧反硝化菌作用时,培养瓶的总氮去除量为0.7 mg,水体和表层沉积物共同作用时,总氮去除量为3.3 mg,水体与表层沉积物的反硝化去除氮量之比大体为1∶4,表层沉积物的反硝化作用是水库氮素去除的重要因素.     

ABR工艺ANAMMOX耦合短程硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

厌氧氨氧化技术如能替代市政污水厂的主流工艺,将大幅降低市政污水处理能耗.故采用ABR反应器,构建除碳系统、短程硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,将三者耦合成一体化短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器进行城市污水脱氮.结果表明,ABR除碳系统的HRT为4.5 h时,其出水COD平均浓度为80 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续短程硝化系统产生不利影响,出水TN平均浓度为10mg·L~(-1),厌氧氨氧化系统TN容积负荷为0.36 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当控制DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)时,亚硝化率能长时间维持在90%左右,有利于保证后续厌氧氨氧化系统的稳定运行.当控制温度为30℃左右,好氧区DO为1~2 mg·L~(-1)良时,短程硝化-ANAMMOX一体化ABR工艺可以对城市污水稳定高效地脱氮.     

溶解氧对悬浮与附着生长系统短程硝化反应的影响机制

溶解氧(DO)是控制短程硝化的重要因素,其对不同的生物处理系统有不同的影响.本文研究了DO对悬浮污泥及生物膜系统短程硝化效果的影响,并利用高通量测序技术分析了微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,对于悬浮污泥系统,当DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到0. 50 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化速率(AOR)从18. 08 mg·(L·h)-1升高至30. 27 mg·(L·h)-1;当曝气继续增加,DO达到3. 00 mg·L~(-1),仅运行14 d,进水氨氮(NH_4+-N)基本全部转化为硝酸盐氮(NO_3--N),且通过降低DO来恢复短程硝化效果需77 d,恢复过程缓慢.对于生物膜系统,DO由2. 50 mg·L~(-1)上升到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,AOR稳定在11. 50～13. 50mg·(L·h)-1,当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,80 d的运行结果显示,出水中氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2--N)的比值可长期稳定在1∶1. 2～1∶1. 7,基本满足ANAMMOX工艺进水要求.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,悬浮污泥系统在DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,主要氨氧化菌(AOB)菌属Nitrosomonas丰度由10. 07%增长至18. 64%.当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,生物膜系统中Nitrosomonas菌属丰度与悬浮污泥系统相近为20. 43%,且生物膜系统富集了0. 78%的ANAMMOX菌属Candidatus_Kuenenia.综上,生物膜系统内DO的变化受曝气量影响较小,短程硝化效果受DO影响较小,短程硝化速率更稳定,更适合作为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的前处理单元.     

超低溶解氧条件下的EBPR系统除磷性能

实验采用两个交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行的SBR反应器,对不同溶解氧(DO)浓度梯度下EBPR系统除磷效果及工艺性能进行了为期127 d的研究.在未控制DO的对照组反应器R1中,好氧段DO≥6 mg·L~(-1),运行的前65 d内工艺除磷性能稳定,除磷率95.9%,出水总磷0.5 mg·L~(-1),但由于系统长期处于过曝气状态,65 d后除磷性能逐渐恶化,直至97 d后系统彻底失效,整个运行阶段(1~127 d)出水总磷一级A达标率为39.4%.对于实验组反应器R2,控制好氧段DO浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.2、0.1 mg·L~(-1),各工况初期除磷性能均有小幅波动,但除磷率迅速回升,继而反应器达到稳定运行.统计发现,实验组反应器R2在整个运行阶段出水总磷一级A的达标率为94.6%,127 d内仅有6 d不达标,工艺性能远优于R1.DO=2 mg·L~(-1)系统的比吸磷速率接近最大值,而低DO条件对比吸磷速率影响较大.实验还发现,尽管由超低DO(0.1 mg·L~(-1))引起的有机物降解速率低导致系统发生污泥微膨胀,但出水总磷仍能100%达标排放,微好氧EBPR的节能除磷具有可行性.     

高氨氮废水短程硝化过程中N2O释放试验研究

试验采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理高氨氮废水,逐步提高废水氨氮(NH+4-N)浓度到800 mg·L-1,通过控制曝气量实现了短程硝化.SBR周期试验表明,在低溶解氧和高游离氨等共同作用下,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性较低,导致AOB以亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)作为电子受体进行好氧反硝化,氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放因子为9.8%.静态试验控制初始NH_4~+-N为100 mg·L-1且改变曝气量(0.22~0.88 L·min~(-1))条件下,溶解氧浓度的增加能够提高硝化菌活性,N2O释放因子为0.51%~0.85%.当初始NH_4~+-N浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)且曝气量控制在0.66 L·min-1时,初始NO-2-N浓度为0~100 mg·L~(-1)对硝化菌活性影响较小,N2O释放因子为0.50%~0.71%.当溶解氧和游离氨浓度控制在适宜范围内,可维持AOB较高活性,抑制AOB发生好氧反硝化作用,降低N2O释放率.     

好氧池DO分级对改良A~2O工艺的影响研究

分级设置改良A2O工艺中两级好氧池的溶解氧(DO),并对工艺脱氮、除磷能力进行了研究。当两级好氧池DO浓度均保持在约2.0 mg/L时,TN去除率为51.7%、TP去除率为75.6%,COD去除率为77.3%。适当降低好氧池1的DO浓度至约1.0 mg/L、好氧池2的DO浓度约2.0 mg/L时,脱氮除磷能力均增强,分别达到56.3%和77.5%,COD去除率77.5%。既提高了工艺对氮磷及有机污染物的去除效率,同时也降低了工艺运行时的曝气强度。保持好氧池1的DO浓度约1.0 mg/L、进一步升高好氧池2的DO浓度至约3.0 mg/L时,TN去除率降至42.2%、TP去除率进一步升高至82.1%,COD去除率也有所升高,达到80.4%。因此,两级好氧池DO梯度设置还可作为应对不同进水水质时,调节改良A2O工艺脱氮或除磷侧重能力的一种手段。     

羟胺对氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的竞争性选择

有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)是实现稳定短程硝化的关键.使用运行方式为厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)的SBR反应器,探究羟胺(NH_2OH)对氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB的竞争性选择.在混合液NH_2OH浓度分别为3 mg·L~(-1)和5 mg·L~(-1)条件下采用不同处理频率观察短程硝化的启动情况.结果表明,每2个周期投加1次混合液浓度为5mg·L~(-1)的NH_2OH时,亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)在6 d内从0.1%增长到57.4%,并保持在(62.0±4. 6)%至实验结束;通过分析第6 d的典型周期中可以看出:好氧阶段结束时,氨氮浓度由26. 05 mg·L~(-1)降至8. 06 mg·L~(-1),同时生成9.02 mg·L~(-1)的亚硝态氮和6.70 mg·L~(-1)的硝态氮;AOB最大活性(rAOB)与NOB最大活性(rNOB)的比值从第1 d的1.05增长到第9 d的4.22;通过进一步qPCR分析可以看出:实验第9 d时, AOB与NOB丰度分别下降至处理前的30. 2%和19. 1%.因此,基于NH_2OH对AOB和NOB的竞争性选择有望为城市污水短程硝化的快速启动提供可能.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.