花生壳和玉米芯生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

选择花生壳和玉米芯为原材料分别在700℃和450℃条件下制备生物炭,考察了亚甲基蓝初始浓度、生物炭投加量、温度和pH对生物炭吸附亚甲基蓝的影响,并对吸附动力学和等温吸附特征进行了探讨。结果表明,生物炭投加量的增加使其对亚甲基蓝的吸附量下降,而去除率升高;提高亚甲基蓝初始浓度、反应体系温度和pH均会使生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附量增高; 4种生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学过程均能被准二级动力学方程很好地拟合(R~2=0.992～0.999),吸附过程以化学吸附为主要控制步骤; 4种生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附更适合用Langmuir方程描述(R~2=0.992～0.995),PSB700、PSB450、CCB700和CCB450对亚甲基蓝的理论最大吸附量Q_(max)分别为10.247mg/g、6.449mg/g、7.919mg/g和2.860mg/g,吸附能力由大到小为PSB700 CCB700 PSB450 CCB450。     

镍改性MCM-41介孔分子筛对水中甲基蓝的吸附

通过水热法合成介孔分子筛MCM-41,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni负载MCM-41分子筛吸附剂(Ni/MCM-41).小角X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)表征结果显示,Ni/MCM-41保持了纯硅MCM-41有序的介孔结构,并研究了Ni/MCM-41对水中甲基蓝的吸附去除性能,考察了投加量、反应时间、p H值、温度对水中甲基蓝去除率的影响,并从吸附等温线探讨了吸附机理.在优化条件下(25℃,20 mg投加量,6.32 p H,50 mg·L-1甲基蓝),反应120 min后,Ni/MCM-41对甲基蓝吸附量为36.85 mg·g-1,是MCM-41的7.1倍.研究表明吸附等温线符合Freuulich和Dubinin-Radushkevich模型,最大吸附量随着温度的升高而升高,吸附为吸热过程.通过Zeta电位分析认为,静电作用是甲基蓝吸附的主要机理.     

改性贻贝壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除研究

对改性贻贝壳吸附去除亚甲基蓝的效果进行了研究,考察了改性温度、吸附剂投加量、溶液盐度、吸附剂粒径、吸附温度等条件对亚甲基蓝吸附去除效果的影响。在200~1 060℃条件下对贻贝壳进行了温度改性优化,结果表明,最佳改性温度为550℃。当改性贻贝壳投加量为0.6 g/L时,对亚甲基蓝的去除率达到87%;亚甲基蓝的吸附去除效果随着贻贝壳粒径变小吸附能力略有上升,当粒径小于60目时,吸附能力趋于稳定,对亚甲基蓝的去除率在90%左右;盐度对吸附效果影响较大,亚甲基蓝去除效果受离子强度效应影响随盐度的增加先减小后增大最后到达稳定;而吸附温度对改性贻贝壳的吸附能力的影响较小。     

鸡蛋壳对废水中亚铁离子的吸附研究

为研究鸡蛋壳对废水中亚铁离子的吸附效果,进行了单因素变量控制实验(如鸡蛋壳粉末的投加量、吸附温度、吸附时间)、等温吸附实验和正交实验。研究结果表明,鸡蛋壳用量在4 g的时候吸附效果最好;鸡蛋壳粉末对亚铁离子的吸附是吸热过程,随着温度升高,去除率也随之升高;去除率也随吸附时间增加而升高,在60 min左右达到吸附平衡。等温吸附过程中,能很好地符合Freundlich吸附等温式。通过正交实验,得出最佳实验条件:亚铁离子浓度40 mg/L,鸡蛋壳粉末3 g,吸附时间为50 min,吸附温度为50℃,在此实验条件下鸡蛋壳对废水中亚铁离子的去除率可达99.99%。     

改性大豆荚吸附剂对甲基蓝废水吸附性能研究

将天然大豆荚分别用氢氧化钠,硫酸,乙醇,过氧化氢进行改性,制备一系列改性大豆荚吸附剂,研究了改性大豆荚吸附阴离子染料甲基蓝废水的适宜条件及吸附机理.经筛选,采用氢氧化钠作为大豆荚的改性剂.结果表明:当甲基蓝溶液初始浓度300 mg·L-1,pH=10.0,吸附剂投加量为5 g·L-1,吸附时间为40 min时,改性大豆荚对甲基蓝废水的去除率达到96.30%,最大吸附量为57.53 mg·g-1.此吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主;Langmuir方程能较好的拟合等温吸附过程.     

负载镧镁活性氧化铝的制备及除氟性能研究

采用浸渍法制备负载镧镁活性氧化铝改性除氟剂,用于去除溶液中氟离子。通过正交实验考察镧镁摩尔比、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对改性活性氧化铝吸附性能的影响,得出最佳合成条件为镧、镁物质的量比1∶2,焙烧温度300℃,焙烧时间2.0 h。研究吸附时间、投加量、p H值和共存阴离子对氟离子吸附效果的影响。结果表明:吸附时间为3.0 h、投加量为3.6 mg/L,p H值在6~9,除氟效果最好,氟离子去除率为94.5%;对比不同阴离子对除氟性能的影响,除氟性能受阴离子影响力大小为:CO2-3>SO2-4>Cl->NO-3;吸附剂对氟离子的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附等温线满足Langmuir吸附等温式,其饱和吸附量为7.663 mg/g;不同温度下的热力学结果表明该反应为自发吸热反应。     

超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的吸附性能和机理研究

以粉煤灰为原料,通过球磨制得超细粉煤灰,研究了其对水中偶氮染料甲基橙的吸附性能和机理。结果表明,在25℃,pH值为2,投加量为0.7g,反应时间为120min时,粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率为79.4%,超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率可达93.8%。随温度升高,吸附量降低,证明该吸附为放热过程,并计算不同温度下各热力学参数△G,△H和△S。对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程动力学更适合二级吸附动力学模型。     

改性沸石/羟基氧化铁复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

以改性沸石/羟基氧化铁复合材料作为吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验,研究了不同因素影响下复合材料对废水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能.研究结果表明:改性沸石/羟基氧化铁复合材料对亚甲基蓝有很好的去除效果,当废水pH值为13.0,吸附平衡时间为20min时,向电解质(NaNO3)浓度为0.01mol/L的含亚甲基蓝50mg/L的废水中投加5g/L改性沸石/羟基氧化铁复合材料,亚甲基蓝去除率达到94.65％.Langmuir型方程比Freundlich型方程对等温吸附实验数据拟合效果更好,D-R方程分析表明,该吸附以物理吸附为主.分别用拟一级、拟二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型对吸附动力学过程进行拟合.结果表明,拟二级动力学方程对实验数据拟合效果较好,扩散过程以膜扩散为主.     

泥炭复配玉米秸秆活性炭的制备及其吸附性能

采用泥炭为原料,氢氧化钾为活化剂制备了粉末活性炭,并研究其对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。选取泥炭秸秆比、活化时间、活化温度和碱炭比为因素,通过正交试验确定了最佳工艺条件,即泥炭秸秆比为2∶1,活化时间为1 h,活化温度700℃,碱炭比为1∶3。吸附实验结果表明,该泥炭复配玉米秸秆为原料制备的粉末活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附效率高,最大吸附量为898.2 mg/g,Freundlich吸附等温式的拟合效果优于Langmuir吸附等温式,表明主要吸附为多层吸附。准二级动力学模型比准一级动力学模型能更好地拟合活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝的动力学规律。     

壳聚糖的改性及其去除废水中染料物质的性能研究

采用戊二醛交联FeCl_3制备改性壳聚糖吸附处理染料废水,以20 mg·L~(-1)的亚甲基蓝溶液作为处理对象,探究氯化铁改性壳聚糖(FeCl_3-CTS)投加量、废水p H值、反应时间对其处理亚甲基蓝废水性能的影响,并对吸附动力学、吸附等温线过程进行拟合.结果表明,FeCl_3-CTS对亚甲基蓝废水的处理效果远高于未改性壳聚糖(N-CTS),尤其是在投加量为0.1 g·L~(-1)、p H=6的条件下,经FeCl_3-CTS处理50 min后,亚甲基蓝废水的脱色率高达99.4%,FeCl_3-CTS对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量高达198.8 mg·g~(-1),与N-CTS的54.8%和109.6 mg·g~(-1)相比,均有显著的提高.吸附动力学、吸附等温线拟合结果显示,FeCl_3-CTS对亚甲基蓝废水的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学方程(R2=0.9992)和Langmuir等温线方程(R~2=0.9995).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.