锌冶炼不同群落生境蟋蟀汞污染

研究了葫芦岛锌厂周围不同群落生境蟋蟀汞含量,比较了蟋蟀与其它昆虫汞含量的差异,探讨了汞在不同群落蟋蟀体内的分布特征.结果表明,蟋蟀汞含量很高,平均值为0.081 mg.kg-1,远高于对照点群落汞含量(0.012 mg.kg-1);蟋蟀体内汞的分布特征为头>翅膀>胸≈腹>足.不同群落生境中蟋蟀汞含量差异明显,蟋蟀汞含量与距离污染源的远近、植物茎汞存在显著的相关关系.与土壤汞之间无明显的相关关系.蟋蟀汞含量低于生命周期较长的蝉汞含量,与生命周期较短的其它昆虫相近.     

秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化

汞在湿地中的行为对湿地水生生物健康具有重要影响.于2011年和2012年分别采集干(夏初)湿(秋季)季节黄河三角洲湿地土壤样品,分析不同季节汞与甲基汞的含量差异和垂直变化.秋季总汞平均含量为0.064 mg·kg-1;夏季为0.027 mg·kg-1,总汞含量平均减少57%,湿地由积水到干旱过程中导致汞的释放.秋季各点位0~10 cm深甲基汞平均含量为0.28μg·kg-1,夏季甲基汞平均含量为0.066μg·kg-1,各点位含量平均减少76%.在秋季受湿地淹水影响,利于甲基汞的形成,水分减少和湿地干旱导致土壤中的甲基汞减少.在垂直方向上,夏季与秋季相比总汞在0~10 cm深度都有减少,土壤中的汞发生释放,因此,湿地在秋季表现为汇,而在春夏季为大气汞的源.硫酸盐还原细菌的含量秋季远高于夏季,在夏季硫酸盐还原菌与甲基汞和甲基化率均显著相关,硫酸盐还原菌、淹水环境、有机物质都会影响甲基汞产生和分布.     

湘江株潭长段江水(枯水期）和沉积物中汞的分布和形态

湘江株潭长段江水中(枯水期)的总汞含量为(1.881 ±1.854)μg·L-1,以颗粒态汞为主.总汞和溶解态汞最大值都出现在霞湾,霞湾-湘潭段衰减快,此后缓慢衰减一直到洞庭湖.沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.846 mg·kg-1,处于高的污染水平,沉积物总汞的最大值也出现在霞湾,达到3.268 mg·kg-1.远远超过国...     

中国北方燃煤型和工业复合型城市汞污染对比研究

文章研究了中国北方燃煤型城市长春市和工业复合型城市葫芦岛市汞污染状况。长春市表层土壤汞含量为0.030~0.272 mg.kg-1,土壤汞具有从市中心向城市外围递减的趋势;葫芦岛市土壤汞污染严重,表层土壤汞含量为0.055~14.575mg.kg-1,土壤表层汞含量以锌冶炼厂和氯碱厂及其附近为中心,向外围辐散降低,呈双中心分布;燃煤型城市长春市水中汞含量为0.089~0.567μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.042~3.183 mg.kg-1;葫芦岛市历史上受纳氯碱厂污水的五里河水中汞含量0.102~0.716μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.254~52.510 mg.kg-1。工业城市汞污染是我国汞污染最重的地区之一,其生态风险应引起重视。     

通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷变化的影响

以动物园内的动物粪便和水杉落叶为原料,分别采用时间-温度联合控制(Ⅰ号堆体)、时间控制(Ⅱ号堆体)的强制通风控制方式进行堆肥试验,考察了2种强制通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷元素变化的影响.研究结果表明,经过51d的堆肥化以后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的NH4 -N平均含量分别从0.95 g·kg-1和0.78 g·kg-1下降到0.36 g·kg-1和0.62 g·kg-1,NO3--N平均含量分别从152mg·kg-1和120mg·kg-1增加到351 mg·kg-1和243 mg·kg-1.由于"浓缩效应",堆肥过程中TN、TP、速效磷的含量均有所增加,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的TN平均含量分别从16.05 g·kg-1和15.71 g·kg-1增加到19.70 g·kg-1和21.41 g·kg-1,TP平均含量分别从8.17 g·kg-1和8.23 g·kg-1增加到9.38 g·kg-1和9.62 g·kg-1,速效磷平均含量分别从1.83 g·kg-1和1.99 g·kg-1增加到2.81 g·kg-1和3.57 g·kg-1.统计分析结果表明,这2种强制通风控制方式对堆肥过程中速效磷含量变化有着显著的影响(p=0.002),但对其它指标(C/N比、NH4 -N、TN、NO3--N、TP)含量变化的影响却不显著(p＞0.05).     

重金属Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

通过测定翅碱蓬生长和生理指标,研究了不同含量Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬的发芽率、苗高、苗重、体内超氧阴离子自由基(O-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)的产生及对抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD)活性的影响,以探讨盐生植物翅碱蓬对重金属胁迫的反应.结果表明,两种重金属均不同程度地加快了超氧阴离子自由基的产生速率;翅碱蓬对Zn胁迫的耐受阈值为100 mg·kg-1,Zn含量低于100 mg·kg-1时,发芽率和苗高、苗重保持良好;含量高于100 mg·kg-1实验组,翅碱蓬生长及体内酶活性机制受到不同程度抑制,SOD 、POD反应迅速,CAT相对缓慢.翅碱蓬对Cd污染抵御能力差,含量高于0.4 mg·kg-l即可造成严重伤害,阻碍翅碱蓬生长,降低抗氧化酶活性.Zn和Cd共同作用(200 mg·kg-1 +0.2 mg·kg-1)时,表现为协同作用,发芽率仅为对照组的50.5％、苗重仅为49.2％,实验50 d后,SOD、CAT均失活,影响极显著.     

三峡库区涪陵和忠县两地居民发汞含量水平及影响因素分析

为评价三峡库区居民汞暴露风险,在三峡库区腹心地带的涪陵和忠县两地采集了238份当地居民头发样本,分析了总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)含量.结果表明,两地居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.50±0.54)μg·g~(-1)、(0.35±0.25)μg·g~(-1).其中,涪陵居民头发THg、Me Hg平均含量分别为(0.71±0.87)μg·g~(-1)、(0.53±0.46)μg·g~(-1),均高于忠县居民头发THg[(0.41±0.36)μg·g~(-1)]、Me Hg[(0.28±0.26)μg·g~(-1)]平均含量水平,但两地头发总汞平均含量均低于美国EPA安全参考剂量(1μg·g~(-1)).不同年龄段的居民发汞含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中40~50岁年龄段居民发汞含量最高;不同性别间发汞含量差异不显著(P0.05),但女性发汞含量略高于男性.居民发汞含量与食鱼频率呈正相关,渔民发汞含量显著高于非渔民发汞含量(P0.01),且渔民头发样本总汞含量均值(1.44±0.79)μg·g~(-1)超过了EPA安全参考剂量.两地吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.55±0.24)μg·g~(-1)、(0.58±0.54)μg·g~(-1)]均显著高于非吸烟者头发总汞含量[(0.51±0.30)μg·g~(-1)、(0.36±0.26)μg·g~(-1)].三峡库区居民汞暴露风险总体较低,但渔民存在一定的汞暴露风险.     

葫芦岛市不同污染源河流汞污染特征研究

研究了葫芦岛市区不同污染源的三条河流水体及沉积物中汞的分布特征,探讨了氯碱厂、锌冶炼厂及非点源污染引起的河流汞污染特征的差异。研究表明曾经接受过氯碱厂废水污染的五里河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.03700~16.07 mg.kg-1,平均值9.241 mg.kg-1;河水中总汞浓度为0.08400~10.45μg.L-1,平均值为1.530μg.L-1,水中汞源于河流沉积物溶出。受锌冶炼厂废水污染的茨山河,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.3440~132.5 mg.kg-1,平均值52.45 mg.kg-1;水中总汞浓度为0.05800~11.04μg.L-1,平均值为2.377μg.L-1,水中汞源于锌冶炼厂直接排放。无典型点源污染的连山河总汞源于面源污染,表层沉积物中汞浓度为0.2150~19.55 mg.kg-1,平均值5.126 mg.kg-1;降水冲刷带入河流造成的总汞浓度为0.3200~17.32μg.L-1,平均值为4.642μg.L-1。     

巢湖表层沉积物磷的空间分布差异性研究

通过对巢湖表层沉积物磷形态、有机质及粒径分布特征分析,与沉积物总磷历史数据进行对比,结合不同形态磷的剖面变化,探讨了内源磷释放风险.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物TP自西向东呈递减趋势,平均含量为790 mg.kg-1,比20世纪80年代平均增加了55%,其中东半湖增加211 mg.kg-1、西半湖增加386 mg.kg-1.表层沉积物磷形态含量和分布有较大差别:铁铝结合磷(NaOH-Pi)和活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量占TP含量的42%,分别介于55～648 mg.kg-1和27～468 mg.kg-1范围,西半湖平均含量分别为331 mg.kg-1和225 mg.kg-1显著高于东半湖(147 mg.kg-1和91 mg.kg-1,P<0.01);相对而言,钙镁结合磷(Ca-P)和惰性磷(Res-P)含量在东西部湖区没有显著差别,分别占TP含量的18%和40%.沉积物TP含量随深度减少而增加,西半湖增加量高于东半湖,各种磷形态中NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po的垂直变化规律与TP相似,是沉积物磷增加的主要形态.西半湖高活性磷、高有机质和多砂质粉砂的特征共同作用极大增加了沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放的风险.     

河北衡水湖湿地汞污染现状及生态风险评价

以河北衡水湖湿地为调查对象,采用均匀设点采样分析,研究了衡水湖湿地大气、表层水和土壤/沉积物中总汞含量及其分布特征;同时采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行衡水湖湿地汞污染的生态风险评价.结果表明:衡水湖湿地大气总汞含量变化范围为1.0~5.0 ng·m~(-3),平均值为(2.9±0.85)ng·m~(-3);表层水总汞含量变化范围为0.010~0.57μg·L~(-1),平均值为(0.081±0.053)μg·L~(-1);土壤/沉积物总汞含量变化范围为0.001 0~0.058 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为(0.027±0.013)mg·kg~(-1).衡水湖湿地汞污染分布特征为,表层水总汞浓度岸边显著高于湖中(P0.05),湖中沉积物总汞浓度显著高于岸边土壤(P0.05);岸边大气总汞浓度与土壤总汞浓度呈正相关关系;高浓度汞富集总伴随剧烈的人为活动.地积累指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染为清洁程度;潜在生态风险指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染风险为低生态风险.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.