对冷原子吸收法测定土壤汞的分析质量评价

本文介绍了冷原子吸收法验证土壤中汞的分析方法。通过数理统计处理,对自控样品和统一未知土样结果进行了检验,实验室内方法精密度小于8％,准确度在100±5％;总体精密度小于16％,准确度在100±6％左右。结果表明实验达到了预期的效果,适合测定各类土壤。     

塞曼火焰原子吸收法快速测定稻米、土壤中镉

<正> 一般原子吸收测定粮食、土壤中镉,均采用萃取—石墨炉法或萃取—火焰法进行测定,以萃取来消除背景的影响。而萃取—石墨炉法测样速度慢、操作繁琐、污染环境,测量精度也比火焰法差。特别在测定镉含量较高的粮食样品时,需稀释几倍～几十倍进行测定,从而引入了较大的稀释误差。为此我们试图用火焰 ZeemanAAS 直接测定稻米、土壤中镉。并对直接火焰法与萃取火焰法;石墨炉法与萃取—石墨炉法及直接火焰法与石墨炉法均做了对比实验。结果表明,火焰法直接测定稻米、土壤中镉较为理想,回收率高、精密度好、速度快。稻米最     

原子吸收法固体进样测定土壤中镉含量的不确定度评定

利用原子吸收法固体进样装置测定土壤中镉的含量,并对其测量过程进行了不确定度评定,从而明确了测定时的主要不确定度来源是曲线拟合过程,在测定过程中需进一步改进。     

高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中钴

钴是生命所必需的微量元素之一,但过量则造成毒害。高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中钴已有报道,但仍需萃取以提高灵敏度和降低干扰。热解石墨涂层石墨管可以提高灵敏度,但用于钴的测定尚未见报道。 本工作用WFD-Y3型原子吸收分光光度计,热解石墨涂层石墨管测定了土壤中钴。样品用硝酸、氢氟酸分解,硫酸冒烟。测定时加入镧、钙和抗坏血酸以消除干扰。用氘灯扣除背景吸收,用标准曲线法直接测定土壤中钴:10微升取样时1％的灵敏度为9.4×10~(-12)克。     

聚四氟乙烯高压溶样罐—氢化物原子吸收法测定土壤中微量锑

<正> 土壤中微量锑的分析,国内广泛采用罗丹明B分光光度法,该法操作繁琐,灵敏度差,亦有采用原子吸收法直接用空气—乙炔火焰进行分析,但方法灵敏度低。目前有关氢化物原子吸收技术报道较多,但应用于土壤的测定迄今未见报道。     

球磨仪制样-微波消解-GFAAS法测定土壤中铅

建立了行星式球磨仪制样一微波消解一石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅的方法。标准曲线在0—10．01μg／L范围内线性良好,以称样0．5g、定容体积50ml计,方法检出限为0．10mg／kg,土壤样品测定的RSD〈4％,加标回收率为91．4％～102％。     

离子色谱法测定环境地表水中碱金属试验

环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子的监测方法,目前主要使用原子吸收法。本次试验选用离子色谱法测定环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子,与原子吸收法做一比较。通过试验分析结果看,该方法样品的浓度和响应值间的线性较好,混合环境标准样的平行双样Na、K、Mg、Ca的各相对标准偏差（RSD）值均符合质量控制标准;各个样品加标回收率最高为104.4%、最低为96.0%均在控制范围之内;与原子吸收法方法测定结果比较,两种方法测定结果没有显著性差异,表明该方法精密度高、准确性好;操作简便,尤其适用于大批样品多项目的测定。     

重庆地区土壤中11种元素背景值的分析方法与质量控制

目前、土壤中微量元素的测定方法有:比色法,原子吸收法,原子发射光谱法,X射线萤光法和中子活化法等。由于土壤组成极为复杂,共存元素干扰影响较大,各种方法各有利弊。根据我们的具体条件,在研究重庆地区土壤元素背景值时,分别选择了比色法、冷原子吸收法、原子吸收法以及本所提供的气氛控制发射光谱法进行测定。经典的原子发射光谱法氰光带干扰大,灵敏度不高,精密度比其它方法逊色,国内尚未普遍     

火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和铅

本文建立了逆王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法对土壤进行前处理,氘灯校正背景火焰原子吸收法分析土壤中铜和铅的方法.对逆王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法和王水-高氯酸-氢氟酸分解法两种土壤前处理方法,对氘灯校正背景火焰原子吸收法和萃取火焰原子吸收法两种方法,进行了比较.应用于土壤标准样品及样品的测定,获得了满意的结果.     

火焰原子吸收测定土壤中的铜

采用硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸代替传统的消解方法分解土壤样品,火焰直接喷入原子吸收法测定土壤中的铜。相对标准偏差为0.6％～3.5％,加标回收率97.5％～101％。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.