中原经济区城市资源环境绩效指标体系构建与实证

为了识别城市或“相似群体”最重要的资源环境“短板”问题,以中原经济区31个城市为研究区域,选择水土资源、能源、环境质量和污染物排放及治理水平等4个方面共计33项指标,利用层次分析修正法确定指标权重,采用正向指标极大化、负向指标极小化、适中指标平均化的标准化方法对研究区域内各市资源环境绩效进行测算. 研究表明:①从资源环境绩效角度来看,中原经济区城市可分为“双高”超载型、农业型、“双低”超载型、资源型四大类. ②占中原经济区城市总数2/5的资源型城市,由于过度强调资源产出、忽视环境保护而成为经济区环境问题高发、资源环境矛盾较为突出的集中区域. ③在对4个Ⅰ级指标(资源利用效率、能源利用效率、环境质量指数、污染物排放及治理水平)设定均衡权重情况下,15个城市的能源利用效率居末位,10个城市的资源利用效率居末位,表明中原经济区提高资源环境绩效应率先在能源、资源利用效率领域实现突破. 所构建的资源环境绩效评估指标体系仍有待进一步优化,今后应加大对可再生资源能源利用、农村生态环境特别是农村土地重金属及有机物污染等问题的关注.      

基于LMDI的长江经济带交通碳排放变化分析

基于LMDI分解模型,探究了2000~2019年长江经济带交通运输业碳密度、运输结构、能源效率、能源强度、经济结构、经济水平以及人口规模等因素对交通碳排放的贡献程度及时空特性,并使用泰尔指数测算了碳排放的区域差异性.结果表明,经济规模持续扩张是长江经济带交通运输业碳排放增长的第一主导因素,对碳排放的正向驱动效应为116.33%,其次是人口规模（6.19%）;运输结构和经济结构的转变则是抑制碳排放增长的关键因素,其负向驱动率分别为-26.18%和-16.25%;而技术水平（能源效率和能源强度）的提升有助于抑制碳排放增加.此外,基于人均碳排放和碳排放强度的泰尔指数均显示长江经济交通碳排放量的区域差异性明显,其中区域内差异大于区域间差异,且基于碳排放强度的区域差异呈现出“俱乐部趋同”现象.最后,对长江经济带交通绿色发展提出了政策建议.     

长江经济带农业废水面源污染与农业经济增长的脱钩关系

推进农业废水面源污染与农业经济增长的脱钩,是实现长江经济带农业经济高质量发展的迫切要求,因此,本文测算分析了2011~2016年长江经济带农业废水中氨氮、化学需氧量、总磷、总氮排放量与农业经济增长的脱钩关系及其演化趋势,结果表明：长江经济带农业废水面源污染总脱钩指数的变动幅度较小且小于0,但2015~2016年各污染源脱钩程度有所恶化;分省统计结果方面,四川农业废水中氨氮和化学需氧量排放脱钩为扩张性负脱钩,贵州、江苏、江西、上海、云南以及重庆化学需氧量排放为绝对脱钩,污染物排放绝对脱钩的省市主要位于长江经济带中游;农业废水面源污染的氨氮、化学需氧量排放的异质性空间边界溢出效应较明显,而总磷、总氮排放同质性溢出效应较明显;农业废水面源污染排放物的Moran’s I随距离升高,但随着空间边界地理距离的拉大,长江经济带农业废水面源污染的空间溢出效应脉冲式递减;氨氮、化学需氧量、总氮和总磷的排放对农业经济增长的长期影响呈U型趋势,影响效应贡献最大的为化学需氧量,其次为氨氮,总磷和总氮的影响较小,而总磷的影响持续为正.     

Environmental, land-use and economic implications of Brazilian sugarcane expansion 1996–2006

Governments are promoting biofuels and the resulting changes in land use and crop reallocation to biofuels production have raised concerns about impacts on environment and food security. The promotion of biofuels has also been questioned based on suggested marginal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions reduction, partly due to induced land use change causing greenhouse gas emissions. This study reports how the expansion of sugarcane in Brazil during 1996–2006 affected indicators for environment, land use and economy. The results indicate that sugarcane expansion did not in general contribute to direct deforestation in the traditional agricultural region where most of the expansion took place. The amount of forests on farmland in this area is below the minimum stated in law and the situation did not change over the studied period. Sugarcane expansion resulted in a significant reduction of pastures and cattle heads and higher economic growth than in neighboring areas. It could not be established to what extent the discontinuation of cattle production induced expansion of pastures in other areas, possibly leading to indirect deforestation. However, the results indicate that a possible migration of the cattle production reached further than the neighboring of expansion regions. Occurring at much smaller rates, expansion of sugarcane in regions such as the Amazon and the Northeast region was related to direct deforestation and competition with food crops, and appear not to have induced economic growth. These regions are not expected to experience substantial increases of sugarcane in the near future, but mitigating measures are warranted.     

On the Effects of Social and Economic Policies on Future Carbon Emissions

Published scenarios of carbon emissions vary over a 40:1 range, and vary greatly even when the possible effects of future climate change policies are ignored. Differences in assumptions about how social and economic policies will affect the rates of economic growth throughout the world, population growth, international trade and investment, the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and innovations and developments in non-carbon technologies are among the main reasons for such huge differences - alongside the considerable uncertainties that remain about the structural forms and parameters of the economic models used for making projections. The following analysis shows that a low carbon emissions scenario is fully consistent with developing countries achieving economic prosperity and the rich countries increasing theirs. It would depend on the emergence of non-carbon options, such as renewable energy, and this is indeed more likely to happen with favourable conditions for economic growth and innovation.     

“一带一路”沿线国家碳排放:外商直接投资与发展要素的共同影响分析

“一带一路”倡议下,推动绿色低碳发展,共建碳达峰、碳中和目标下国际合作共赢的生态圈,已经成为“一带一路”沿线国家的共识. 本文基于“一带一路”沿线国家1997—2018年的面板数据,通过逐步回归、异质性分析和门槛回归方法探究外商直接投资(FDI)的碳排放效应. 结果显示:①“一带一路”沿线国家FDI显著增加碳排放,体现出“污染天堂”效应. ②我国提出的“一带一路”倡议注重绿色低碳发展,削弱了“一带一路”沿线国家FDI对碳排放的“污染天堂”效应,体现出我国在环境治理特别是应对气候变化方面发挥的引领示范作用. ③经济发展可削弱FDI对碳排放的“污染天堂”效应,然而经济快速发展特别是工业发展可显著增加碳排放. ④政策、创新和发展三类机制均导致FDI的碳排放效应发生显著变化,其中发展机制影响最大,创新机制的碳减排效果相对稳定. ⑤强化环境规制促进了FDI的“污染光环”效应,“一带一路”倡议则推动“一带一路”沿线各国加强了环境规制. 研究显示,为促进“污染光环”效应形成,应深化绿色“一带一路”,利用来自中国投资的低碳化特征,增加与中国的投资往来并提高负有环境责任FDI的比例. “一带一路”沿线各国也应加强绿色低碳科技创新,在此基础上协同政策、创新和发展三类机制,引导FDI投向绿色低碳领域. 此外,还应综合运用环境准入机制和环境经济手段,实现高质量发展.      

Linking analyses and environmental Kuznets curves for aggregated material flows in the EU

The relationship between economy and environmental impacts has been an essential topic in the discussion on environmental problems for a long time. From the 1990s, this relationship has gained a position in environmental policy as well. De-coupling the use of natural resources from economic growth has been set as one of the policy goals in the sixth Environmental Action Programme by the European Commission. In the scientific discussion, the concept of environmental Kuznets curve deals closely with the de-coupling or de-linking phenomenon. Aggregated material flows, on the other hand, have often been considered as a macro-level proxy of environmental degradation. Different methods or approaches have been designed for “sustainability” or “carrying capacity” evaluation as well. The objective of this article is (i) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of using environmental and economic indicators in the sustainability analysis at the macro level, (ii) to present a theoretical framework for the linking analysis including a classification of the degrees of de-linking/re-linking environmental impacts from/to economic growth, and (iii) to give an empirical example by using indicators of direct material flows as a proxy of environmental degradation and by applying the framework into the European Union and its 15 member countries. The results show that the trend in the European Union is a weak de-linking of material flows from economic growth during the years 1980–2000. In other words, material intensity of the economy has generally decreased due to increased efficiency, but the absolute amount of material use has increased, although at a lower rate of increase than economic growth. On the other hand, there is a quite large variation between different EU member countries. However, absolute decrease in the use of materials cannot be found as a continuous trend between the years 1980 and 2000 in any of the studied EU member countries.     

Sectoral Trends and Driving Forces of Global Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Disaggregation of sectoral energy use and greenhouse gas emissions trends reveals striking differences between sectors and regions of the world. Understanding key driving forces in the energy end-use sectors provides insights for development of projections of future greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines global and regional historical trends in energy use and carbon emissions in the industrial, buildings, transport, and agriculture sectors. Activity and economic drivers as well as trends in energy and carbon intensity are evaluated. We show that macro-economic indicators, such as GDP, are insufficient for comprehending trends and driving forces at the sectoral level. These indicators need to be supplemented with sector-specific information for a more complete understanding of future energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Sustainable recovery of nickel from spent hydrogenation catalyst: economics, emissions and wastes assessment

Economic viability, carbon emission profile and waste management associated with nickel recovery from spent hydrogenation catalysts are studied from sustainability perspectives. The purpose is to determine and compare the economic, environmental and social implications of different nickel reclamation techniques towards clean, safe and sustainable recovery of nickel from spent catalysts. Sustainability evaluation models are formulated to understand and improve the cost, carbon footprint and resource efficiency of a closed-loop nickel recovery process. The economic viability of the process highly depends on market values of recovered nickel and the production batch size. At a selling price higher than $12.60/kg, an operation with a batch size as small as 50 kg/batch would be profitable. The current rising nickel market, at ∼$18-24/kg, favors recovery operations although it also casts a dual effect on production costs. About 73-82% of carbon emission of the process is from the use of energy in the recovery operation. Energy efficiency is therefore identified as the most critical factor to improve the carbon footprint. The closed-loop process also improves resource use efficiency and minimizes toxic waste generation.     

基于IPAT模型的江苏省能源消费与碳排放情景研究

利用环境负荷模型与"脱钩"理论,对江苏未来中长期的经济发展、能源需求与CO2排放进行了情景分析,并结合当前的环境政策,对三种情景下主要指标的参数和结果进行了设计与分析。研究表明,资源节约型与环境友好型社会的构建,低碳情景是江苏能源-经济-社会的协调发展最合适、也是最现实的方案;通过不同情景的比较,认为低碳情景的实现一定程度上是以减缓经济增长来实现节能减排目标的;低碳情景下能源需求与CO2排放也将明显快速增加,与2007年相比,2030年能源需求总量将增加1.431倍,碳排放总量将达到15 655×104t,未来20 a能源资源的有效供应与合理利用成为制约低碳经济发展的瓶颈因素。最后给出了实现节能减排、促进低碳经济发展的相关建议。     

江西省土地利用碳排放空间格局及碳平衡分区

二氧化碳浓度升高,导致全球气候变暖,生态环境问题逐渐凸显. 为此,绿色、低碳和循环发展成为我国当前工作重点. 江西省作为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要节点,大规模的城镇化建设导致碳排放量增加. 鉴于此,基于土地利用和能源消费数据构建碳排放量计算模型,探究江西省2000—2018年的碳排放空间格局特征,通过基尼系数、经济贡献系数和生态承载系数等多种分析方法探讨区域内的碳排放空间差异以及碳收支情况,同时从经济和生态的角度进行碳平衡分区并提出针对性的策略. 结果表明:①江西省2000—2018年土地利用碳排放总量逐年上升,从1 215.687×104 t增至4 907.425×104 t,总体表现为净碳源,碳减排压力较大. ②江西省碳排放空间格局呈现北高南低、西高东低的特征,北部和西部地区的碳排放总量明显大于南部和东部地区,其碳排放总量与各区域内的土地利用结构以及能源消费结构密切相关. ③江西省历年的碳补偿率均低于34%且逐年递减,碳补偿率、经济贡献系数和生态承载系数三者均空间差异明显,其中北部地区的碳补偿率低于南部地区,南部地区、东北地区的经济贡献率和生态承载系数高于西部地区. ④基于碳平衡分析,根据净碳排放量、生态承载系数等指标将江西省各地级市划分为4个碳排放发展功能区域,即碳汇功能区、低碳经济区、碳强度控制区、高碳优化区. 研究期内碳汇功能区数量变化较大,逐渐转为低碳经济区;碳强度控制区和高碳优化区数量基本无变化. 研究显示,江西省土地利用碳排放空间差异显著,协同减排的困难较大,为此根据碳平衡分区调整土地利用结构,有利于促进区域协同减排,推动全省低碳经济的发展,缓解因碳排放引起的全球气候变化问题.      

The impacts of information and communication technology,energy consumption,financial development,and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 Asian countries

This study aims to investigate the effects of information and communication technology (ICT), energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development on carbon dioxide emissions using 1993–2013 panel data from 12 Asian countries. The study employs a panel unit root test accounting for the presence of cross-sectional dependence and found that Internet usage is stationary and carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, gross domestic production (GDP), and financial development are first-difference stationary. The results form Pedroni panel cointegration test confirms that the variables are cointegrated. The results of the cointegration test indicate that the ICT-energy-GDP-carbon dioxide emissions nexus has long-run equilibrium. Both energy consumption and GDP have significant, positive impacts on carbon dioxide emissions; energy consumption and GDP have an effect on carbon dioxide emissions growth. ICT has a significantly negative effect on carbon dioxide emissions; the promotion of ICT becomes one of the important strategies introduced to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions for various countries. Causality results show that energy consumption, GDP, and financial development cause more carbon dioxide emissions. Energy consumption, GDP, and carbon dioxide emissions cause ICT. GDP causes financial development, whereas energy consumption and GDP are interdetermined. The feedback hypothesis exists in the region; those countries need to develop alternative energy to replace fossil fuels. ICT does not threaten the environment and ICT policy can be seen as a part of carbon dioxide emissions reduction policy.     

基于城市化的浙江省湾区经济带碳排放时空分布特征及影响因素分析

基于STIRPAT扩展模型与2003-2017年浙江省湾区经济带面板数据,分析碳排放时空分布特征并应用时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）实证考察城市化视角下碳排放的驱动机制及其时空异质性。结果表明：（1）浙江省湾区经济带各地市碳排放规模逐年增加但增幅不大,增速放缓,碳排放量差异明显,碳排放强度逐年下降,空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐加大的趋势;（2）经济发展水平和对外开放程度是碳排放的主导因素,其他依次为能源消费结构、技术进步和城市化;（3）各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,不同时间、地区各驱动要素的波动方向和强度并不相同。在此基础上具体分析各地区碳排放驱动因素影响情况,为实现区域差异化碳减排策略提供指导。     

长江经济带不同等级城市碳排放的时空演变及其影响因素

厘清区域不同等级城市碳排放对实施差异化的城市碳减排行动方案具有重要的指导意义. 采用2000—2019年DMSP_OLS和NPP_VIIRS夜间灯光数据模拟长江经济带城市碳排放,运用空间自相关分析和空间面板杜宾模型分别探讨长江经济带整体和各等级城市碳排放的时空演变及其影响因素. 结果表明:①研究期间,长江经济带整体和各等级城市碳排放量均呈波动上升趋势,其中各等级城市碳排放量呈大型城市>中型城市>小型城市的特征,整体和各等级城市碳排放量的年均增长率均有所降低. ②除个别年份外,整体和各等级城市碳排放的全局Moran′s I值均大于0,分别在5%和10%水平下显著,高-高聚集区主要分布在上海市、江苏省和浙江省等东部地区的城市,高-低聚集区主要分布在重庆市,低-低聚集区主要分布在乐山市等城市. ③人口增长、城镇化率和经济增长等因素对整体碳排放有显著的直接正向影响,而城镇生活污水处理率和生活垃圾无害化处理率对整体碳排放有显著的直接负向影响;人口增长、经济增长及环境规制等因素对各等级城市碳排放的影响有明显差异. 研究显示,长江经济带整体和各等级城市碳排放的时空演变及其影响因素有显著差异,城市减碳行动方案的制定和实施需要注重差异性.      

中国第三产业能源碳排放影响要素指数分解及实证分析

基于碳排放量基本等式,采用Divisia指数分解法建构中国第三产业能源碳排放的因素分解模型,定量分析了2000～2009年间,能源结构、能源效率、产业结构及产出四因素对中国第三产业能源碳排放的影响.结果显示产业产出及能源结构对拉动中国第三产业能源碳排放的贡献率逐年增长,能源效率及产业结构对抑制中国第三产业能源碳排放发挥作用,但产业结构的影响作用不强,且抑制因素作用无法抵消拉动因素引起的碳排放增长.基于此,研究为第三产业能源碳减排提供了政策建议.     

对内蒙古发展低碳经济的思考

内蒙古经济发展具有典型的高消耗、高污染、高排放特征,节能减排空间很大,同时内蒙古新能源储量丰富、森林碳汇能力较强。发展低碳经济应是内蒙古实现经济可持续发展的战略选择,具体可以通过推进产业机构优化升级,提高资源、能源利用效率;通过发展煤炭清洁利用技术和新能源等清洁和可再生能源,着力改善能源结构;通过增加森林草原碳汇、尽快启动实施碳交易来实现经济的可持续发展。     

国际贸易“碳中和”研究热点领域及其动向

碳中和是世界各国面临的共同问题。经济全球化与贸易自由化背景下国际贸易总量快速增长,伴随着深度国际分工与产业转移,贸易产品的生产者与消费者在陆表形成严重的空间位移。利用文献计量软件CiteSpace分析国际贸易主题下碳中和相关文献,揭示国际贸易“碳中和”研究动向。研究发现：（1）温室气体在全球范围时空演变,使跨区域、多尺度的全球碳治理变得更加复杂,发达国家将高污染与低价值链产业转移至各发展中国家,以生产者责任划分的碳核算原则不再适用于国际贸易合作。（2）进出口贸易逐渐成为新兴经济体经济发展动力,全球碳治理应转向新兴经济体与区域一体化,全球气候政策设计应遵守国际碳市场公平性底线,不断优化碳排放量核算体系,完善碳会计方法,模拟全球碳减排预期效果。重点提高产业部门碳减排意识和产业清洁技术及能源利用效率,利用多种手段改变生态系统的增汇减碳能力。新兴经济体在承接发达国家技术援助同时,应重点关注本国能源产业,发展可再生能源产业,提高能源的利用效率,并运用经济政策与金融工具促进本国的气候变化投融资产业发展。全球碳治理应更加注重公平性与国家间的经济发展、环境资源差异,利用多样的碳治理工具与协商合作方式,促使更多国家参与全球化或区域一体化的碳治理模式。（3）中国亟待通过国内多产业、多部门的增汇减排与国际碳减排、碳中和实践,健全碳市场机制,提高碳治理水平,为国际碳治理合作提供“最大公约数”。     

对内蒙古发展低碳经济的思考

内蒙古经济发展具有典型的高消耗、高污染、高排放特征,节能减排空间很大,同时内蒙古新能源储量丰富、森林碳汇能力较强。发展低碳经济应是内蒙古实现经济可持续发展的战略选择,具体可以通过推进产业机构优化升级,提高资源、能源利用效率;通过发展煤炭清洁利用技术和新能源等清洁和可再生能源,着力改善能源结构;通过增加森林草原碳汇、尽快启动实施碳交易来实现经济的可持续发展。     

Can Advances in Science and Technology Prevent Global Warming?

The most stringent emission scenarios published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would result in the stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) at concentrations of approximately 550 ppm which would produce a global temperature increase of at least 2 ^{^}C by 2100. Given the large uncertainties regarding the potential risks associated with this degree of global warming, it would be more prudent to stabilize atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at or below current levels which, in turn, would require more than 20-fold reduction (i.e., ≥95%) in per capita carbon emissions in industrialized nations within the next 50–100 years. Using the Kaya equation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines whether CO₂ mitigation approaches such as energy efficiency improvements, carbon sequestration, and the development of carbon-free energy sources would be sufficient to bring about the required reduction in per capita carbon emissions without creating unforeseen negative impacts elsewhere. In terms of energy efficiency, large improvements (≥5-fold) are in principle possible through aggressive investments in R&D and the removal of market imperfections such as corporate subsidies. However, energy efficiency improvements per se will not result in a reduction in carbon emissions if, as predicted by the IPCC, the size of the global economy expands 12–26-fold by 2100. Terrestrial carbon sequestration via reforestation and improved agricultural soil management has many environmental advantages, but has only limited CO₂ mitigation potential because the global terrestrial carbon sink (ca. 200 Gt C) is small relative to the size of fossil fuel deposits (≥4000 Gt C). By contrast, very large amounts of CO₂ can potentially be removed from the atmosphere via sequestration in geologic formations and oceans, but carbon storage is not permanent and is likely to create many unpredictable environmental consequences. Renewable energy can in theory provide large amounts of carbon-free power. However, biomass and hydroelectric energy can only be marginally expanded, and large-scale solar energy installations (i.e., wind, photovoltaics, and direct thermal) are likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. Expansion of nuclear energy is highly unlikely due to concerns over reactor safety, radioactive waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. In view of the serious limitations and liabilities of many proposed CO₂ mitigation approaches, it appears that there remain only few no-regrets options such as drastic energy efficiency improvements, extensive terrestrial carbon sequestration, and cautious expansion of renewable energy generation. These promising CO₂ mitigation technologies have the potential to bring about the required 20-fold reduction in per capita carbon emission only if population and economic growth are halted without delay. Therefore, addressing the problem of global warming requires not only technological research and development but also a reexamination of core values that equate material consumption and economic growth with happiness and well- being.     

农业生产何以存在低碳效率幻觉?——来自1997—2016年31个省份面板数据的证据

利用1997—2016年中国31个省份的面板数据,测算基于农业污染物影子价格的农业低碳效率,探讨各省份农业低碳效率幻觉存在与否的问题,并在此基础上分析农业低碳效率幻觉程度的影响因素。结果表明：（1）1997—2016年,中国农业低碳效率均值呈先下降后上升的总体趋势,且“东—中—西”梯度递减的态势明显。（2）总体上,存在农业低碳效率幻觉的省份数量呈先增后减趋势;分区域看,东部和中部存在农业低碳效率幻觉的省份数量逐渐减少,而西部地区则不断增加。（3）农业经济发展水平、农业生产节能技术水平、农业发展重视程度、农业产业结构对农业低碳效率幻觉程度具有负向影响,而农业规模化水平、农业受灾率和农业人力资本的影响效应为正。