北运河秋冬季浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因子分析

浮游植物是水生生态系统的主要生产者,其群落结构与水质密切相关.为研究北京市北运河不同水体环境特征,于2018年10月（秋季）和2019年2月（冬季）在北京市北运河设置13个采样点开展浮游植物群落结构和水环境调查,共鉴定出浮游植物7门54属99种.群落结构分析表明,秋季浮游植物物种数（75种）高于冬季（58种）,城市河道型水体物种数（78种） > 城市湖泊型（59种） > 山区河道型（29种）.秋季浮游植物密度为916.04×10⁴ cells·L^-1,冬季浮游植物密度为220.52×10⁴ cells·L^-1,秋、冬季平均密度为568.28×10⁴ cells·L^-1.空间格局上,城市湖泊型水体浮游植物密度最高,绿藻门和蓝藻门为优势门类;城市河道型水体次之,大部分点位以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为优势门类;山区河道型水体最低,硅藻门为主要优势门类.物种优势度和多样性指数分析结果显示,北京市北运河水体中以中富营养型指示物种为优势类群,水质污染类型为β-中污型.典范对应分析（CCA）排序结果表明,Ca和TN是影响秋季北京市北运河浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,pH是影响冬季浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空变化与影响因子分析

浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,其群落结构与水环境密切相关.为了解渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空格局及其与环境因子的关系,更好地进行水资源和水生态保护,于2017年9月—2018年4月在丰水期和枯水期对该河段设定的9个研究断面,27个采样点位进行浮游植物群落结构和水环境因子调查监测,共检出浮游植物8门69种,群落结构分析表明,枯水期浮游植物种类数高于丰水期.浮游植物细胞密度和生物量变化分别为84.9×10⁴~3868.3×10⁴ cells·L^-1、0.268~20.978 mg·L^-1,丰水期平均密度（1490.0×10⁴ cells·L^-1）和平均生物量（7.864 mg·L^-1）显著大于枯水期（354.8×10⁴ cells·L^-1、1.152 mg·L^-1）.优势种分别为6种和8种,主要以绿藻门和硅藻门为主.浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数（H''）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）、Margalef丰富度指数（d）均表明丰水期浮游植物多样性高于枯水期,9个采样断面的水质总体评价呈现出无污染或轻度污染至中轻污染状态.典范对应分析（CCA）排序结果表明,影响枯水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为总磷（TP）、pH和总溶解性固体（TDS）,TP和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）是影响丰水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

城市闸控河流浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因素

以典型城市闸控河流—南京市西北护城河为研究对象,通过开展2019—2020年4个不同季度的水环境及浮游植物采样调查,综合分析了城市闸控河流浮游植物群落结构的时空变化特征,探讨了环境因子、水位调控和护岸类型等对浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果显示,南京市西北护城河四季共采集到浮游植物7门90种,主要隶属于硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）和绿藻门（Chlorophyta）,夏季和春季物种数多,冬季和秋季物种数少.浮游植物密度为2.1×10³~5.47×10⁶ cells·L^-1,生物量为2×10^-3~6.28 mg·L^-1;浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.60~2.35,Pielou均匀度指数为0.17~0.59,处于中度污染状态.西北护城河浮游植物群落结构不仅受水温及营养盐等环境因子影响,还与水位调控及河流护岸类型密切相关.高频率水位调控能有效减少有害藻类的聚集爆发,生态护岸保留了自然河流中的生态循环系统,可为浮游植物提供更有利的生境条件.     

苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊冬夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析

2005年12月和2006年6月对苏州平原河网区57个浅水湖泊的浮游植物群落进行了调查,共检出浮游植物8门62属73种,浮游植物主要由绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻组成.冬季浮游植物平均丰度为254.88×10⁴cells·L^-1,硅藻门丰度占总丰度的62.3％;夏季浮游植物平均丰度为2 704.28×10⁴cells·L^-1,蓝藻门丰度达93.5％.运用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)对调查范围内的57个样点62属浮游植物与11个环境因子关系进行研究.结果表明,水温、高锰酸盐指数、NO^-₃-N和TN是影响苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子,在冬季,pH、NH⁺₄-N及TP也是主要的影响因子;浮游植物中硅藻对环境变化具有较强的适应性,绿藻能耐受较高的高锰酸盐指数、氮磷营养盐和TOC浓度,而蓝藻对环境因子的响应有待进一步的研究.     

珠海市磨刀门水道输水水源水库群浮游植物群落特征及其环境驱动因子

磨刀门水道是珠江水系的主要出海口,也是粤港澳大湾区珠海和澳门等多个城市的重要水源地.于2021年丰、枯两季（8月和10月）对珠海市磨刀门水道13个采样点的水质和受其供水的4个饮用水水源水库群21个采样点水质状况和浮游植物开展了调查,并探究了相关驱动机制.4个水库浮游植物群落结构的解析结果显示,浮游植物共有8门73属150种,种类和相对丰度均以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,其中大镜山水库（DJS）和杨寮水库（YL）蓝藻在丰、枯两季的相对丰度均超过90%,竹仙洞（ZXD）和竹银水库（ZY）的蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻在不同时期分别占优,且分布较均衡.Shanno-Wiener指数（H）、Pielous均匀度指数（J）和Margalef丰富度指数（D）说明竹银水库的浮游植物生物多样性最丰富,指示水体最优,竹仙洞水库次之,大镜山水库是4个水库中浮游植物多样性最少的水库.PCoA分析表明大镜山水库和杨寮水库浮游植物群落结构具有相似性（P>0.05）,且该2个水库和竹仙洞水库、竹银水库均具有显著差异性（P<0.05）.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）、总溶解性有机碳（TOC）、总磷（TP）、氯化物（Cl^-）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）是影响浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子.研究结果揭示了4个水库浮游植物群落受磨刀门水道输水带来的营养盐外源影响较大,提示应着重改善磨刀门水道水质,以达到改善和预防水库水体富营养化,确保饮用水水源安全的目的.     

不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构的差异,于2019年5~11月对北京市北运河水系和永定河水系7条河流进行逐月采样调查,分析不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征,并采用相关性分析和冗余分析（RDA）探究浮游植物群落与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,7条河流共监测到9门127种浮游植物,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为优势种群,分别占种类总数的40.94%、34.65%和10.24%.浮游植物密度介于（0.24~169.14）×10⁶ cell·L^-1之间,均值为38.20×10⁶ cell·L^-1,生物量介于0.21~78.50 mg·L^-1之间,均值为16.49 mg·L^-1.浮游植物种类、密度和生物量均表现为：混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组>无再生水补给组.浮游植物生物多样性指数H''均值介于1.56~2.18之间,均匀度指数J均值介于0.47~0.67之间,H''和J均表现为：无再生水补给组>混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组.RDA排序结果表明,影响混合水源补给组浮游植物优势种的主要环境因子为DOC、pH、Chla、DO和TP,影响无再生水补给组和完全再生水补给组优势种的主要环境因子为TN、NH₄⁺-N、N/P和ORP.     

溪源宫水源保护区浮游植物群落结构分析研究

文章主要对2011年8月至12月溪源宫水源保护区浮游植物群落结构进行调查分析。溪源宫水体共鉴定出浮游植物6门51属137种,主要都是以绿藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门为主。通过采用浮游植物生物量以及多样性指数对研究区域水体进行了评价,结果表明溪源宫水源保护区水质状况较好。同时还将溪源宫水源保护区、闽江、山仔水库等不同水源地的浮游植物群落结构进行对比分析,发现不同营养状态下,水体中浮游植物群落结构有显著的不同。     

“稀释置换”对海河浮游植物群落结构的影响

该研究于2015年夏季蓝藻暴发期对海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征进行调查分析,并以此为基础评价海河干流水域的营养水平及水质污染类型。研究结果表明:4次调查共鉴定浮游植物6门56种(属),其中绿藻门29种(属),蓝藻门13种(属),硅藻门8种(属),甲藻门、裸藻门、隐藻门各2种(属),主要优势种为蓝藻门的微囊藻、巨颤藻、小席藻和色球藻。浮游植物的平均丰度为15 319.4×104个/L,蓝藻门种类对总平均丰度的贡献为95.67%;浮游植物平均生物量为17.87 mg/L,蓝藻门占总平均生物量的53.31%;海河浮游植物丰度和生物量的分布呈现一致性,从上游至下游呈先升高后降低的趋势。依据浮游植物丰度及3种浮游植物群落指数评价结果表明,海河干流水域的水体均为重度富营养化状态,污染状态为中污型。比较分析结果表明:采用不定期、小水体地稀释置换已暴发蓝藻水华的海河干流水体这一应急处置蓝藻水华方式,未对海河浮游植物群落结构、营养状态及污染水平产生本质上的影响。     

丹江口水库早春真核浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用高通量测序技术研究了2019年早春（2月）丹江口水库浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果显示：①本次调查共检测到浮游植物6门57属,主要包括绿藻门、硅藻门、金藻门、甲藻门、隐藻门等,其中,绿藻种类（47种）>硅藻（24种）>金藻（17种）,硅藻相对丰度（58.8%）>绿藻（27.2%）>金藻（11.8%）,各采样点浮游植物群落结构总体相似;②浮游植物优势种为硅藻门的冠盘藻（Stephanodiscus suzukii）、变异直链藻（Melosira varians）,绿藻门的葡萄藻（Botryococcus braunii）、索囊藻（Choricystis sp.）,以及金藻类的近囊胞藻一种（Paraphysomonas sp.）;③Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.76~2.52,Pielou均匀度为0.28~0.38,依据多样性指数水质评判标准判断水质整体处于β-中污带;水质符合Ⅱ类标准,但总氮（TN）除外,浓度为0.93~1.21 mg·L^-1;④相关性分析表明,香农-威纳指数（H''）与Pielou均匀度指数（J）、Simpson多样性指数显著相关（p<0.01）;冗余分析表明,pH、NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N是影响丹江口水库早春季节浮游植物群落结构最主要的环境因子.总体而言,丹江口水库水质较好,但早春季节冠盘藻（Stephanodiscus suzukii）的大量繁殖使丹江口水库发生水华的风险增加,因此,要加强对丹江口水库水质的检测和防范意识.     

不同水期澜沧江梯级水库浮游植物群落结构空间分布特征

建坝造成了河流水环境的差异,会导致浮游植物群落具有明显的空间异质性.为探究梯级水库河流的浮游植物分布,本研究选择澜沧江为研究区域,于2018年3月—2019年5月在上游河道、苗尾、功果桥、小湾、漫湾、糯扎渡、景洪、景洪坝下开展了浮游植物的调查.对比了丰、枯水期浮游植物群落结构、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数的变化特征,采用Spearman相关性分析确定丰、枯水期浮游植物密度与环境因子间的关系.重点讨论了浮游植物密度较高的小湾和糯扎渡库区浮游植物的年内变化特征.研究结果表明：澜沧江干流丰、枯水期各库区浮游植物种类均以河流型硅藻为主,绿藻门次之;浮游植物密度分别为0.02×10⁶ ~ 16.74×10⁶ cells?L^-1和0.26×10⁶ ~ 9.41×10⁶ cells?L^-1;丰水期藻密度、生物量、浮游植物多样性、均匀度指数均高于枯水期;小湾和糯扎渡的浮游植物密度及生物量均高于其他库区,全年平均值分别为9.35×10⁶ cells?L^-1和2.19×10⁶ cells?L^-1;两库的浮游植物群落具有明显差异,浮游植物密度分别在2019年5月和4月达到最高,相关性分析表明氮素是影响浮游植物群落结构变化的关键因子.本研究可为梯级水库河流的水生态环境保护提供一定的支撑和参考.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.