烧结砖生产中氟的逸出及钙基废渣固氟特性研究

砖坯烧制过程中，氟逸出的初始温度约为600℃，大部分氟在约800℃至砖坯发生明显烧结的温度内逸出，以CaO含量高的粘土原料制砖，氟逸出量相对较少。在此基础上，提出在制砖原料中添加适量钙基废渣抑制氟的逸出，并进行了详细的实验室和工业性试验；结果表明，在适宜添加量下，存氟率由约25％增至70％以下，且不影响砖制品质量。     

钙基物料在砖坯烧制过程中固氟特性的研究

提出添加适量钙基物料抑制制砖中氟的逸出，对固氟机理进行了试验研究；并试验分析了钙基物料粒径、微孔结构、碱金属盐添加剂、制砖工艺对固氟性能的影响。在此基础上，进行了添加钙基物料的工业应用试验，砖存氟率由约25％增至70％以上，且对砖制品质量没有不利影响。     

氟化钙污泥和赤泥共烧结制备砖块的研究

研究了用氟化钙污泥和赤泥两种固体废弃物共同烧结制砖,通过烧结后产物的氟离子去除率、铬离子去除率、抗压强度3个指标来评价烧结产物的性能。实验结果表明:当氟化钙污泥与赤泥的配比为1∶1,铝灰的添加量为7.7%,粘结剂的添加量为7.7%,烧结温度在1 000℃时的烧结效果最佳,此时对应的氟离子去除率为96.28%,铬离子去除率为89.49%,抗压强度为13.40 MPa,适合做基础路面铺建材料。     

上海电缆厂含氟废气治理成功

电线电缆行业中被列为环境污染治理老大难之一的含氟废气净化,最近终于在上海电缆厂得到了解决。含氟废气产生于聚四氟乙烯电缆的成型烧结过程,因工艺温度高,氟塑原料拌随有机溶剂在加热时逸出大量氟气。为消除氟的污染危害,有     

敞口地炉内燃烧煤泥饼时氟的逸出规律及控制

利用特制精确控温敞口炉,模拟重病区居民燃烧煤泥饼时氟的排放及控制,分析了停留时间、燃烧温度对氟排放的影响,探讨了CaCO₃添加量及燃烧温度与固氟率的关系.结果表明:随着煤泥饼在炉内停留时间的延长,氟的逸出率逐渐增大,1 h后氟的排放达到平衡;氟逸出率随温度升高而增加,900 ℃时逸出率平均为80%,与病区实际燃烧排氟量相吻合;煤泥饼中添加CaCO₃能有效控制燃烧氟排放,固氟率随CaCO₃添加量的增加而增大,w(CaCO₃)为10%时达到最佳固氟效果;500～800 ℃内固氟率随温度升高而增加,800 ℃时固氟率最高,平均为44.2%,温度继续升高则固氟率下降,900 ℃时为25.0%.      

环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

影响土壤吸附固定氟能力的因素。砖瓦窑的高温使存在于土壤中较稳定的氟化物转变为HF和SIF4气体排放大气,气态氟占总排放量的90%。在制砖过程中土壤砖胚(平均含氟478m创kg)有30%一90%氟化物逸出,平均逸出率85%。控制氟化物释放的砖瓦清洁生产措施:选择含氟低的燃料煤和原料土,并考虑农田中积累的磷肥、含氟农药及杀虫剂;改变产品结构,应用土壤固氟剂,设置工业烟气除氟装置及调节烟囱高度。参13X383 20{目刃132粘胶纤维生产的清洁生产审计实例/何澄(同济大学)//上海环境科学/上海市环保局一1999,18(7)一304一305环图X一l(X) 通过对上海第…     

改性废砖对氟的吸附性能研究

以将废砖作为除氟吸附剂材料为目的,对废砖采用不同的方法进行改性,采用单因素分析法,实验研究了不同改性方法、pH值、温度、时间、吸附剂用量等影响因素对改性废砖吸附废水中氟的性能影响,并实验考察了改性废砖对氟的等温吸附模型。结果表明:相同实验条件下,铝改性废砖对氟的去除率更高;pH在1~3之间,Al-废砖与氟的投加质量比率为110∶1时,Al-废砖对氟的去除率高;升高温度可以提高Al-废砖对氟的吸附性能,且吸附反应在进行20 min后基本达到平衡;在25℃,pH=2,投加比例为110∶1的条件下,Al-废砖对氟的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附容量为9.72 mg/g。     

电解锰渣-页岩-粉煤灰烧结砖的研制

针对湖南湘潭竹埠港地区工业废渣的情况,进行了电解锰渣-页岩-粉煤灰体系烧结制砖的研制.确定了配比、烧结温度和保温时间对烧结砖性能的影响,通过SEM、EDS、抗压强度、毒性浸出、DTA和XRD等检测手段,对烧结前后砖体的结构及各项性能进行了检验.结果显示,电解锰渣、页岩和粉煤灰的配比为4:5:1、烧结温度为1000℃'保...     

煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏(或烟气脱硫污泥)制备成建筑用轻质陶粒,实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多,但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石-粉煤灰-废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在950—1250℃,最佳烧结温度为1200±50℃,制得的陶位坚硬如岩石,容重等级为900,筒压强度为9—15MPa,超过GB2838-81的筒压强度≥6.5MPa的规定。     

土壤中不同粘粒矿物在高温下释放氟污染物的研究

研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、水铝英石、蛭石和针铁矿在高温下释放氟污染物的特征.结果表明:高温下氟化物从这些矿物中的逸出率不仅随矿物种类而变化,而且与烧成温度、比表面积、矿物结构水含量的变化以及高温加热时间密切相关.蒙脱石的晶格瓦解温度比高岭石的滞后,可能是不同高温下蒙脱石氟化物逸出比高岭石滞后的原因之一.含钙化合物能降低氟从蒙脱石中的逸出率.以CaCO₃处理蒙脱石为例,800℃时,氟化物逸出率比对照降低了59.6%,800℃时,5种含钙物质的固氟能力的大小顺序为:CaCO₃＞CaO＞Ca₃(PO₄)₂＞Ca(OH)₂＞CaSO₄.     

煤燃烧固氟剂及固氟效果研究

通过热力学分析煤燃烧过程中钙基固氟剂固氟反应机理和高温高效钙基固氟剂开发原则;通过流化床和链条炉燃烧试验考察石灰石和钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟效果.试验表明:流化床燃烧时石灰石燃烧固氟效果明显,在Ca/F=60～70时,脱氟率可达到66.7%～70.0%;链条炉燃烧试验表明:利用工业废料开发的钙基固氟剂固氟效果显著,在Ca/F=65～80时,脱氟率为57.32%～75.19%.在燃煤过程添加石灰石和钙基固氟剂具有固氟固硫的双重作用.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂氟治理的初步研究

首次将固氟剂应用于砖瓦厂的氟治理试验，结果表明，在所选用的４种固氟剂中，以白泥的固氟效果最佳，经过烧制，对以红壤和青紫泥为材料制成的红砖的固氟率，在实验室模拟条件试验中分别为３８．０７％和５２．９０％，在砖瓦厂生产条件试验分别为４８．０３％和５１．３５％，白泥作为一种工业废物，应用于砖瓦厂氟治理，特别是无组织排放的控制，不仅颇具良好前景，而且为白泥的处置利用提供一条“以废治废”的新途径。     

南京市钢铁行业烧结机二噁英排放调查研究

以南京市三家钢铁企业烧结机为例,对排放废气中的二噁英进行监测,分析各组分的含量,进一步研究排放废气中二噁英的种类组成及含量分布特征,依据现行的标准二噁英排放浓度达标,但是南京的排放水平远高于国外排放水平。分析成因,结果表明烧结过程中的二噁英主要是在料层中生成的,主要以多氯二苯并呋喃存在,为减少烧结过程二噁英的生成,可以从改变工艺、控制原材料和增加处理设施等方面进行控制,尽可能减少气态氯化氢的形成,防止再合成物和其它前驱化合物的产生。     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca2 + -, Mg2 + -. Al3 + -and Fe3 + -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg2+ ＜ Ca2+ ＜ Al3+ ≤ Fe3+ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

烧结厂含氟烟气洗涤水处理

本文通过对烧结厂含氟烟气洗涤水进行凝聚沉淀及水质稳定试验，论述了含氟烟气洗涤水循环使用中经济合理的药剂配方及其使用条件。     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺ -. Al³⁺ -and Fe³⁺ -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg²⁺ ＜ Ca²⁺ ＜ Al³⁺ ≤ Fe³⁺ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

我国钢铁行业二恶英污染防治技术研究

钢铁行业(烧结和电炉炼钢)是我国二恶英减排优先重点控制的行业之一。简要介绍了二恶英的理化性质、危害性、生成机理及必备条件,结合烧结过程和电炉炼钢过程二恶英的产生成因,从工艺过程污染预防技术和污染治理技术两方面探讨二恶英减排途径。