Total organic halogen (TOX) in human urine: A halogen-specific method for human exposure studies

Disinfection by-products(DBPs) are a complex mixture of compounds unintentionally formed as a result of disinfection processes used to treat drinking water. Effects of long-term exposure to DBPs are mostly unknown and were the subject of recent epidemiological studies. However,most bioanalytical methods focus on a select few DBPs. In this study, a new comprehensive bioanalytical method has been developed that can quantify mixtures of organic halogenated compounds, including DBPs, in human urine as total organic chlorine(TOCl), total organic bromine(TOBr), and total organic iodine(TOI). The optimized method consists of urine dilution, adsorption to activated carbon, pyrolysis of activated carbon, absorption of gases in an aqueous solution, and halide analysis with ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spike recoveries for TOCl, TOBr, and TOI measurements ranged between 78% and 99%. Average TOCl, TOBr, and TOI concentrations in five urine samples from volunteers who consumed tap water were 1850, 82, and 21.0 μg/L as X~-, respectively.Volunteers who consumed spring water(control) had TOCl, TOBr, and TOI average concentrations in urine of 1090, 88, and 10.3 μg/L as X~-, respectively. TOCl and TOI in the urine samples from tap water consumers were higher than the control. However, TOBr was slightly lower in tap water urine samples compared to mineral water urine samples, indicating other sources of environmental exposure other than drinking water. A larger sample population that consumes tap water from different cities and mineral water is needed to determine TOCl, TOBr, and TOI exposure from drinking water.     

Disinfection byproducts and halogen-specific total organic halogen speciation in chlorinated source waters – The impact of iopamidol and bromide

This study investigated the speciation of halogen-specific total organic halogen and disinfection byproducts(DBPs) upon chlorination of natural organic matter(NOM) in the presence of iopamidol and bromide(Br~-).Experiments were conducted with low bromide source waters with different NOM characteristics from Northeast Ohio,USA and varied spiked levels of bromide(2-30 μmol/L) and iopamidol(1-5 μmol/L).Iopamidol was found to be a direct precursor to trihalomethane(THM) and haloacetic acid formation,and in the presence of Br~-favored brominated analogs.The concentration and speciation of DBPs formed were impacted by iopamidol and bromide concentrations,as well as the presence of NOM.As iopamidol increased the concentration of iodinated DBPs(iodo-DBPs) and THMs increased.However,as Br~-concentrations increased,the concentrations of nonbrominated iodo-and chloro-DBPs decreased while brominated-DBPs increased.Regardless of the concentration of either iopamidol or bromide,bromochloroiodomethane(CHBrClI) was the most predominant iodo-DBP formed except at the lowest bromide concentration studied.At relevant concentrations of iopamidol(1 μmol/L) and bromide(2 μmol/L),significant quantities of highly toxic iodinated and brominated DBPs were formed.However,the rapid oxidation and incorporation of bromide appear to inhibit iodoDBP formation under conditions relevant to drinking water treatment.     

Characterization of natural organic matter in water for optimizing water treatment and minimizing disinfection by-product formation

正Introduction Natural organic matter(NOM)present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials     

珠三角表层沉积物的有机碳及其与卤系阻燃剂的关系

测定了珠江三角洲130个表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和10类卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)的含量,并探讨了TOC与HFRs之间的关系.结果表明:珠三角表层沉积物TOC范围为0.16％～5.76％,平均值为1.25％,呈现明显的空间变化.在工业化程度较高的东莞和广州,沉积物中HFRs与TOC有显著的相关性,而西江和珠江口沉积物中HFRs与TOC的相关性较差,可能与珠江三角洲水动力过程、电子垃圾拆解活动和HFRs不同的来源有关.     

QuickTOC320e在线监测仪的应用

对QuickTOC320e在线监测仪的测量原理、技术指标及安装调试和考核验收进行了介绍。QuickTOC320e在线监测仪具有较高的准确性，能较好地适应化纤污水水样的分析，能够对化纤污水排放水质进行连续监测，为装置运行提供参考。     

Relationship between metabolic enzyme activities and bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Many studies have investigated bioaccumulation and metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic organisms. However, lack of studies investigated both processes simultaneously, and the interaction between these two processes is less understood so far. This study investigated the bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs and metabolic enzyme activities, including total cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), in zebrafish. Mature zebrafish was exposed to the mixture of phenanthrene and anthracene under constant concentration maintained by passive dosing systems for 16 days. The results showed that PAH concentrations in zebrafish experienced a peak value after exposure for 1.5 days, and then decreased gradually. The bioaccumulation equilibrium was achieved after exposure for 12 days. Both of the uptake rate constants (k_u) and the elimination rate constants (k_e) decreased after the peak value. The variation of PAH concentrations and metabolic enzyme activities in zebrafish had an interactive relationship. CYPs and T-SOD activities increased initially with the increase of PAH concentrations, but decreased to the lowest state when PAH concentrations reached the peak value. When the bioaccumulation equilibrium of PAHs was achieved, CYPs and T-SOD activities also reached the steady state. In general, CYPs and T-SOD activities were activated after exposure to PAHs. The decrease of PAH concentrations in zebrafish after the peak value may be attributed to the great drop of k_u and the variation of CYPs activities. This study suggests that an interactive relationship exists between bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs and metabolic enzyme activities in aquatic organisms.     

上海市秋季大气VOCs对二次有机气溶胶的生成贡献及来源研究

2011年9月1日～11月21日在上海市城区对大气中颗粒物质量浓度和挥发性有机物体积分数进行了在线连续观测.期间共出现4次大气污染过程:PD1(9月20～23日)、PD2(10月5～9日)、PD3(10月13～18日)、PD4(11月10～14日).本测点大气PM2.5的平均浓度分别为(45±16)、(76±46)、(57±36)和(122±92)μg·m-3,VOCs的体积分数分别为(30.87±30.77)×10-9、(32.09±30.69)×10-9、(34.04±28.13)×10-9和(44.27±31.58)×10-9;烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃的体积分数分别占TVOC的53.58%、27.89%、10.96%;用OH消耗速率(LOH)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性.结果表明,烯烃和芳香烃是本测点秋季大气VOCs中对LOH和OFP贡献最大的关键活性组分.利用气溶胶生成系数FAC和OC/EC比值法估算上海市SOA的生成潜势,两种方法得出的SOA浓度值分别为1.43μg·m-3和4.54μg·m-3,比值法明显较高,这主要是本研究测得的SOA前体物偏少所致.其中芳香烃不仅是OFP的关键活性组分,而且也是SOA的重要前体物.应用PMF模型对VOCs进行源解析,确定了秋季上海市大气中VOCs的6个主要的污染来源,分别为汽车尾气(24.30%)、不完全燃烧(17.39%)、燃料挥发(16.01%)、LPG/NG泄露(15.21%)、石油化工(14.00%)、涂料/溶剂的使用(13.09%).汽车尾气和涂料/溶剂等源排放的VOCs中富含OFP关键活性组分和SOA重要前体物,它们对VOCs浓度的贡献占TVOC的37.39%,这些排放源应列入未来上海市大气复合污染控制的优先范围.     

有机气溶胶的来源与形成研究现状

介绍了有机气溶胶来源与形成的研究现状,从有机气溶胶的化学组成特征、一次有机气溶胶的来源和二次有机气溶胶的形成机制论述其研究进展.一次有机气溶胶主要来源于烹调油烟、机动车排放、生物质燃烧、工业或民用燃油锅炉释放出的有机物,还有道路扬尘、沥青、刹车尘、轮胎屑、室外香烟烟雾、以及高等植物蜡、细菌活动和草本植物等.大气中的半挥发性有机物可通过物理和化学吸附形成二次有机气溶胶,一些挥发性有机物可通过气相化学反应转化为低挥发性的物质并形成二次有机气溶胶,其主要前体物是芳香族化合物,如苯、甲苯、二甲苯,以及烯烃、烷烃、环烷烃、萜烯和生物排放的非饱和氧化物.     

2008年奥运期间北京不同粒径大气颗粒物中元素碳和有机碳的变化特征

采用安德森撞击式分级采样器采集2008-06-01～2008-09-30不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,并用美国沙漠所DRI(desert research institute)的Model 2001A热光碳分析仪对其中的元素碳和有机碳进行了分析.结果表明,平均有56%、55%和73%的PM、OC和EC富集于粒径<2.1 μ...     

油烟净化器对餐饮VOCs排放和光化学特征的影响

选取了北京市21家餐饮企业,检测了净化器前端和后端的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）的浓度水平,经油烟净化器净化后,烷烃类、烯烃类、含氧VOCs类和苯系物类污染物的排放平均浓度分别为（714.62±212.17）,（264.88±94.58）,（374.72±57.48）和（174.93±55.19）μg/m³,烯烃类污染物中仅对四氯乙烯有明显的浓度降低效果.根据净化器对VOCs污染物的去除效果,有35.7%的净化器净化效率为负值.烯烃类污染物是餐饮油烟污染中臭氧生成的最重要的前体物,占总臭氧生成潜势的48.2%~50.7%.苯系物成为餐饮业排放污染物中二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的主要前体物,占总SOA生成潜势的95%以上.     

深圳市城区VOCs对PM2.5和O3耦合生成影响研究

为了探究珠江三角洲城市大气PM_2.5和O₃的协同污染特征,在深圳市大学城开展了秋季光化学反应活跃季大气污染加强观测.发现O₃日最大8h平均值(O₃_8h)和PM_2.5在日间具有较强的正相关关系,且O₃_8h与典型挥发性有机物(VOCs)甲醛的相关性显著高于NO₂.利用气溶胶质谱仪在线测量了亚微米气溶胶化学组成,并利用正交矩阵因子模型(PMF)对其中有机气溶胶进行来源解析,解析出5类因子,其中二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占总有机物浓度的50%.通过对污染物之间的相关性分析发现,O₃_8h和SOA具有良好的相关性,但与硝酸盐(NO₃^-)未表现出相关性,说明VOCs在深圳城区大气PM_2.5和O₃耦合生成过程中的作用比NOx明显,VOCs减排是深圳市协同控制PM_2.5和O₃污染的关键.     

紫色土壤有机碳活性组分对生物炭施用量的响应

土壤有机碳(SOC)是土壤最重要的组成部分,土壤活性有机碳是引起土壤碳库变化的关键,为研究在不同施用量生物炭还田下土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响,本试验在重庆国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地测定了无物料还田(CK)、生物炭还田(8 000 kg·hm-2,BC)、0.5倍生物炭还田(4 000 kg·hm-2,0.5 BC)、2倍生物炭还田(16 000 kg·hm-2,2BC)配施化肥处理下的紫色土丘陵区油菜/玉米轮作制中土壤有机碳及活性组分含量.结果表明:(1)施用生物炭可以显著提高土壤有机碳的含量(P0.05),在一定范围内,生物炭的施用量与土壤有机碳含量成正比.适量的生物炭施入土壤后,土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量上升,但0.5BC和2BC处理下土壤微生物量碳反而减少.生物炭不同施入量均可提高土壤可溶性碳(DOC)和土壤易氧化碳(ROC)的含量,其中0.5BC处理的含量最高,分别为198.83 g·kg-1和4.86 g·kg-1.(2)生物炭的施用均显著降低了土壤微生物熵和ROC/SOC,其中0.5BC处理最低,分别较CK处理下降了20.45%和4.11%,而2BC处理最高.0.5BC和BC处理均能提高DOC/SOC,且0.5BC处理显著高于BC处理.总体上,虽然生物炭还田微生物活性较低,但土壤有机碳及其稳定性较高,有利于土壤有机碳积累,促进土壤固碳.同时适量的生物炭还田可以持续稳定增长土壤有机碳含量,少量生物炭0.5BC处理还田可提高土壤中可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量.     

太湖北部湖区春、冬季节天然有机质的荧光特征及环境意义

天然有机质(OM)广泛存在于各类水体,含有丰富的碳、氮、磷等生源要素,其形成、转化、归宿及其相伴随的营养盐再生过程是水生态系统营养盐生物地球化学循环的重要环节,在湖泊蓝藻水华暴发过程中势必也扮演着非常重要的营养盐供给者的角色.本研究于2015年2月和5月分别在太湖北部湖区采集了17个样品,利用POM-DOM PARAFAC三维荧光模型解析春、冬季节颗粒态有机质(POM)和溶解态有机质(DOM)的荧光特征及来源,并探讨POM和DOM各荧光组分之间及其与叶绿素a(Chla)的关系.结果表明,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM的荧光峰、荧光中心位置和荧光强度均存在明显的差别;POM有着比DOM更复杂的组分构成.综合POM和DOM的荧光强度和荧光指数可知,春、冬季节太湖北部湖区POM和DOM均以自生源为主,河口区受陆源贡献较大.POM(C1p~C5p)和DOM(C1d~C5d)有5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5).POM和DOM的荧光组分特征存在明显的差别;春、冬季节POM均以类腐殖质荧光C3为主,荧光组分高值区分别集中在梅梁湾区域和湖心区;而DOM均以类蛋白组分C2、C1和C5为主,荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域.相关分析结果显示,春季C1d与C2d(P0.01)、C3d与C4d(P0.01)、C1p与C4p(P0.05)、C2p与C5p(P0.01)均具有较强的相关性.值得注意的是,C3d(P0.01)、C4d(P0.05)与C3p均具有较好的相关关系,表明POM与DOM在组分、来源上具有某种联系.与春季类似,冬季荧光组分C1d与C2d、C3d与C4d、C1p与C2p、C1d与C2p亦具有极好的相关性(P0.01).春季C5d与Chla之间存在正相关关系(P0.01),而C2d(P0.05)、C3p(P0.01)与Chla之间具有负相关关系;冬季C4d与Chla之间也存在负相关关系(P0.05).     

上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）的粒径分布

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径大气颗粒物(0.49、0.49～0.95、0.95～1.50、1.50～3.00、3.00～7.20、7.20μm)中OC和EC质量浓度的粒径分布特征;讨论了不同粒径大气颗粒物中二次有机碳EC示踪法中(OC/EC)pri的选定方法,用改进后的EC示踪法估算出上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中的二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度的粒径分布;通过OC和EC的相关性定性分析了上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物的主要来源.上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中OC和SOC的质量浓度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.49μm与3.00μm的粒径段,EC出现双峰或三峰分布,与OC相比,更集中在0.49μm的粒径段.细颗粒(3.00μm)中OC和EC分别占总OC和EC质量浓度的59.8%～80.0%和58.1%～82.4%,OC和EC的质量浓度主要集中在3.00μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中SOC占相应粒径段内OC浓度的15.7%～79.1%,其中细颗粒物(3.00μm)和粗颗粒物(3.00μm)中SOC质量浓度占相应粒径段中OC的41.4%和43.5%.OC、EC和SOC的粒径分布显现出明显的时间依存性.OC和EC的相关性分析表明,上海嘉定区大气颗粒物的污染源主要以轻型汽油车尾气为主.     

重庆市夏秋季VOCs对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs（挥发性有机物）对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $（TVOCs）（总挥发性有机物）分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃（35.2%）和烯炔烃（25.2%）为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物（oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs）（30.6%）和烷烃（26.0%）为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs（臭氧生成潜势）分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O₃的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成.      

北运河下游典型灌渠沉积物有机磷形态分布特征

采用Bowman-Cole有机磷分级修正体系,分析了北运河下游典型灌渠泗村店干渠上游至下游7个采样区柱状沉积物中有机磷的赋存形态、分布及其垂向变化特征.结果表明,干渠沉积物总磷(TP)平均含量介于654.9～1 285.4 mg.kg-1,有机磷(TOP)平均含量则为241.6～501.1 mg.kg-1,占TP的34.08%～41.86%,TOP/TP较其他区域明显偏高.垂直分布上看,不同形态有机磷变化趋势迥异,活性有机磷(LOP)随着深度的变化呈先递增后递减的趋势,中活性有机磷(MLOP)则呈逐渐减少趋势,而稳性有机磷(NOP)却变化不大.MLOP是TOP的主要存在形态(39.03%～85.72%),高于LOP(7.73%～24.13%)和NOP(10.14%～35.64%).MLOP是该区域沉积物P的重要储备,其向LOP的转化过程及其对上覆水体富营养化效应值得关注.     

廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物碳组分污染特征及来源分析

廊坊市是北京市及周边传输通道“2+26”城市之一.为研究廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物中碳组分污染特征,于2018年1月5日—2月5日在廊坊市开发区国控点位同步开展PM_2.5及PM₁₀样品采集,使用DRI分析OC（有机碳）与EC（元素碳）的质量浓度.结果表明:廊坊开发区冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）分别为（54.5±46.0）（91.0±58.2）μg/m3.PM_2.5中ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）分别为14.64、3.54 μg/m3,PM₁₀中分别为17.07、4.58 μg/m3;PM_2.5、PM₁₀中ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）相关性均较好,R2均为0.91（P < 0.01）,表明二者具有相似的来源;在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中OC/EC〔ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）,下同〕分别为4.46和4.16,ρ（SOC）（SOC为二次有机碳）分别为6.15和5.88 μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）的42.1%和37.7%,表明二次污染较严重.碳组分丰度及主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5与PM₁₀中碳组分来源基本一致,主要来源于汽车尾气、水溶性极性化合物、生物质燃烧及燃煤的混合源,柴油车排放,以及道路扬尘.后向气流轨迹聚类结果表明,颗粒物及碳组分质量浓度受途径内蒙古自治区及河北省中部、北京市南部气团的影响较大;对于碳组分来源,道路扬尘及汽车尾气受气团传输的影响较大,而生物质燃烧、燃煤等受气团传输的影响较小.研究显示,汽车尾气、燃烧源及道路扬尘为廊坊市开发区冬季碳组分的主要来源.      

Subtropical urban turfs: Carbon and nitrogen pools and the role of enzyme activity

Urban grasslands not only provide a recreational venue for urban residents, but also sequester organic carbon in vegetation and soils through photosynthesis, and release carbon dioxide through respiration, which largely contribute to carbon storage and fluxes at regional and global scales. We investigated organic carbon and nitrogen pools in subtropical turfs and found that dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)were regulated by several factors including microbial activity which is indicated by soil enzymatic activity. We observed a vertical variation and different temporal patterns in both soil DOC, DON and enzyme activities, which decreased significantly with increasing soil depths. We further found that concentration of soil DON was linked with turf age. There were correlations between grass biomass and soil properties, and soil enzyme activities. In particular, soil bulk density was significantly correlated with soil moisture and soil organic carbon(SOC). In addition, DOC correlated significantly with DON. Significant negative correlations were also observed between soil total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) and grass biomass of Axonopus compressus and Zoysia matrella. Specifically, grass biomass was significantly correlated with the soil activity of urease and β-glucosidase. Soil NO3-N concentration also showed negative correlations with the activity of both β-glucosidase and protease but there were no significant correlations between cellulase and soil properties or grass biomass. Our study demonstrated a relationship between soil C and N dynamics and soil enzymes that could be modulated to enhance SOC pools through management and maintenance practices.     

盘锦市秋冬季节PM2.5中碳组分特征及来源解析

为研究盘锦市秋冬季节大气PM_(2.5)中碳组分的污染特征和来源,于2016年10月和2017年1月采集盘锦市3个点位PM_(2.5)样品,通过OC/EC比值法,EC示踪法以及主成分分析法对PM_(2.5)中碳组分进行污染特征分析及来源解析.结果表明,盘锦市秋冬季节PM_(2.5)浓度均超过环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级标准,秋季OC和EC的平均浓度为10.02μg·m~(-3)和3.91μg·m~(-3),冬季为16.04μg·m~(-3)和5.62μg·m~(-3);采样期间秋冬季节OC/EC均大于2.0,说明各采样点位在秋冬季均可能存在二次污染,Spearman相关分析及线性拟合可知开发区OC与EC来源复杂,第二中学及文化公园OC和EC可能具有同源性;通过EC示踪法对SOC进行定量估算,得出秋季SOC浓度为7.21μg·m~(-3),冬季为23.07μg·m~(-3),对结果进行不确定性分析,可知秋冬季节SOC不确定性的绝对误差和相对误差均在可接受范围内;通过主成分分析得出盘锦市秋冬季节PM_(2.5)中碳组分主要来源于煤烟尘,生物质燃烧以及机动车尾气.     

工业污水总有机氯化物的测定方法

对工业污水总有机氯化物质监测方法进行研究，方法准确、灵敏、最小检测限２５μｍ／Ｌ