基于生活垃圾分类的厨余垃圾采样方法研究

与复杂的混合生活垃圾相比,厨余垃圾成分较单一,需要针对性的采样方法.本研究基于生活垃圾分类背景,在《生活垃圾采样和分析方法》(CJ/T 313—2009)的基础上,就采样位点和采样节点数对分类存放的厨余垃圾采样的影响展开研究.研究结果表明,仅采集垃圾桶中间位点的样品不具有代表性,不同情景应有不同的采样策略.当厨余垃圾流节点数少于2时需采集所有节点,当厨余垃圾流节点数为3~7时需采集2个节点,而当厨余垃圾节点数为8~18时需采集3个节点,均少于CJ/T 313—2009中要求的采样节点数.厨余垃圾的总量增大,则其最少采样节点数相应上升,但最少采样点受到厨余垃圾流节点数的制约.     

SO2采样方式改变后的质量分析

环境空气SO2采样由每天采样3次,每次采样30分钟的瞬时采样变成24小时的连续采样,其测定浓度都降低了。其原因主要有,监测点位重新布设后,有些采样点位向郊区转移、进气管接胶管采样、进气管有水、采样流量变小及延迟化验分析等,都影响采样结果。     

网格采样-聚类分析在优化环境监测点中的应用

为了在最少的采样点位获得具有代表性的监测数据，采用网格采样—聚类分析法对沈阳经济技术开发区的空气监测采样点进行了优化研究，从14个采样点位中优选出了4个采样点位。在保证监测数据的可靠性的前提下，节省了监测费用。     

硅胶腕带被动采集多环芳烃的可行性分析

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）对人体危害巨大,目前关于人体暴露于大气环境PAHs研究主要以主动采样方式开展。硅胶腕带作为一种新的大气被动采样装置,具有体积小、价格低、耐磨耐热、无毒无味等优点,适合人体环境暴露监测。国际上研究刚起步,尚未建立完善的腕带被动采样与主动采样技术之间的定量关系。本研究于2019年秋冬季和2021年冬季在西安市城区,同时开展硅胶腕带被动采样与大气主动采样对低分子量（MW＜203 g·mol^?1）PAHs的对比实验,力求建立两者的联系。2019年和2021年西安冬季大气中低分子量PAHs浓度分别为(52.81±14.76) ng·m^?3和(134.59±39.48) ng·m^?3,与前人研究相当。相对应的腕带浓度为(183.07±40.43) ng·d^?1和(524.99±150.32) ng·d^?1。Pearson相关分析发现：萘、苊烯、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘、荧蒽以及总PAHs的主、被动采样之间显著相关（P＜0.05）,相关系数均大于0.4,证明硅胶腕带被动采样方法适用于低分子量PAHs的人体暴露监测。     

石油类废水采样器分析

讨论了现有的石油类废水的采样器.用分液漏斗和普通玻璃漏斗组装成石油类污水采样器,用CY-2000多功能红外测油仪对模拟水样进行分析.结果表明水样中石油类平均值为11.00mg/L,显著性检验t值为1.473＜t0.05(6)=2.45,无显著性差别.说明设计的采样器更符合实际要求.     

石油类废水采样器分析

讨论了现有的石油类废水的采样器。用分液漏斗和普通玻璃漏斗组装成石油类污水采样器，用CY-2000多功能红外测油仪对模拟水样进行分析。结果表明水样中石油类平均值为11．00mg／L，显著性检验t值为1．476〈t0.05（6）=2．45，无显著性差别。说明设计的采样器更符合实际要求。     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳采样布点方法研究

采样设计是土壤有机碳研究中面临的首要问题。论文对黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳进行抽样样本代表性评价,对比分析了不同采样方法的样点布设效率,结果表明：1）高塬区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔4 km,网格布点法较随机布点法和联合单元布点法效率分别提高64.3%和31.8%;2）平原区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔2 km,网格布点较随机布点和联合单元布点效率分别提高64.8%和128.8%;3）丘陵区合理采样布点方法应为联合单元布点法,样点布设密度为1个/1 314 hm²,联合单元布点较随机布点和网格布点效率分别提高205.8%和294.2%。     

Prenatal diagnosis of Chediak-Higashi syndrome

We report the first prenatal diagnosis of an affected fetus with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Diagnosis was accomplished via fetal blood sampling at 17 menstrual weeks and was confirmed after birth. Retrospective measurement of the largest acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes in cultured amniotic fluid cells and chorionic villus cells showed that in CHS these lysosomes are significantly larger than those in normal cells. This method may be used for prenatal diagnosis of CHS by amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).     

Serum hCG assay: A method for detection of contamination of fetal blood samples

Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) can be assayed in specimens obtained by percutaneous fetal blood sampling to check for the absence of maternal blood or amniotic fluid contamination. In order to assess the accuracy of this approach, we measured serum hCG in 44 pure fetal blood samples obtained by intracardiac puncture. The mean fetal serum hCG concentration was 52 IU/l, and the ratio of maternal to fetal serum hCG concentration never exceeded 1 · 1 per cent, which represents the smallest contamination rate detectable by this method.     

The distinction between arylsulphatases in chorionic villi

The relatively high activity of arylsulphatase C (ASC) in the placenta is a potential risk for the misdiagnosis of arylsulphatase A (ASA) or arylsulphatase B (ASB) deficiency in chorionic villus sampling when assayed by synthetic substrates. A clear distinction between these enzymes can be achieved in either the direct villi or the cultured villi cells. Interestingly, the activity of ASC differed significantly in cultured villi cells when prepared by two different methods, namely, minced villi versus treatment with trypsin and collagenase, while ASA and ASB were not affected by these treatments. Whether ASC was directly affected by one of these treatments or whether a selection of cells with different ASC levels was achieved is not yet clear, but this phenomenon clearly indicates the importance of precise definition of CVS preparations to correlate with the enzyme activity data.     

Fetal blood sampling via the umbilical cord using a needle guided by ultrasound report of 66 cases

Pure fetal blood has been aspirated in utero from the umbilical vein near the placental insertion of the cord using a twenty gauge needle under ultrasound guidance. Sixty-six samples were taken on 63 pregnancies between 17 and 32 weeks of gestation. One to two millilitres of blood can be obtained easily without amniotic fluid dilution or contamination by maternal blood, as confirmed by the measurements of the mean corpuscular volume, the histogram distribution of the red blood cells and the hematocrit. In all cases the Kleihauer test and isoelectrofocusing of the hemoglobins were performed. Coagulation factors were also studied in 60 cases. In 17 cases a medical abortion was voluntarily induced after the procedure, and the follow-up was normal during the observation period after sampling. In the other cases, pregnancies have continued normally and twelve healthy babies have already been born.     

不同取样尺度和数量下针阔混交林土壤呼吸的空间异质性

区域土壤呼吸通量估算大多用样地尺度的测定结果进行外推,因此对样地尺度土壤呼吸(Rs)及其影响因子的空间关系和取样尺度、取样数量对测定结果的准确性进行评价非常重要.以山西省庞泉沟自然保护区针阔混交林作为研究样地,运用传统统计分析与地统计分析相结合的方法,分析了4、2、1 m取样尺度下土壤水分(Ws)、土壤温度(T10)、凋落物量(Lw)、凋落物含水量(Lm)、土壤全碳(C)、全氮(N)和全碳/全氮(C/N)对土壤呼吸速率(Rs)空间变异的影响.结果表明3个取样间隔下,Rs的均值没有显著差异,但其变异程度随着取样尺度的增大而增加,变异系数在16%~22%之间.在4 m取样间隔下,Rs与Ws、Lw、C、C/N呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与N呈显著正相关(P0.05);在2 m取样间隔下,Rs与T10呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他因子相关不显著;在1 m取样间隔下,Rs与其他影响因子的相关性都不显著.随着取样尺度的减小,Rs的空间自相关性逐渐减弱,由高度自相关变为弱相关,表明随着采样距离的减小,结构因素对Rs的作用减弱,随机因素的作用逐渐增大.同一置信水平下相同取样数量随着取样尺度的减小,估计误差降低.95%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的Rs误差在±12%左右,而4 m尺度的误差为±16%;90%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的误差在±10%以内,4 m尺度则为±13%.研究结果可以为样地尺度进行Rs季节测定样点的科学布设提供依据.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的局限性

降水(湿沉降)是大气污染物进入地表环境的主要途径,由于传统的被动采样法易受到颗粒物和气体干沉降的干扰,而采集到的混合沉降样品不能科学表征降水化学组成,也不能准确量化湿沉降通量,因此目前正逐步被主动采样法所取代. 采用主动和被动2种采样法同步采集了降水样品,以考察被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的适用性. 结果表明:被动采样法采集的降水样品中离子浓度明显偏高,其中ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(Mg2+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Cl-)、ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(Na+)和ρ(NH₄+)分别比主动采样法高65%、58%、43%、41%、35%、26%、10%和9%. 受大气污染物干沉降影响,被动采样法获得的NO₃-、NH₄+和SO₄2-混合沉降通量分别比主动采样法获得的湿沉降通量高79%、18%和35%,差异最显著的是NO₃-. 被动采样法可以收集氮和硫的湿沉降,但不能有效捕获二者以颗粒物和气体形式发生的干沉降,对二者沉降总通量(干沉降通量+湿沉降通量)低估达39%〔23 kg/(hm2·a)〕和40%〔20 kg/(hm2·a)〕. 因此,鉴于大气污染形势日趋严重,污染物的干沉降作用凸显,被动采样法已难以准确测算污染物从大气向地表的沉降总通量,需要全面考虑细颗粒物(粒径≤2.5 μm)和气态物种(如HNO₃)的贡献.      

一种焚烧尾气中多氯联苯（PCBs）的采样方法

本文研究了一种焚烧尾气中多氯联苯（ＰＣＢＳ）的采样方法；该方法采用了国际上最先进的固体吸附材料ＸＡＤ－２作为吸附剂，较好地解决了以往方法吸附效率低，有关数据在国际上没有可比性等问题，该方法还可用于焚烧尾气中其它高沸点有机物的采样．     

土壤气体采样装置的研制

准确地采集土壤气体样品是研究土壤气体特征的前提。本文报道了研制的土壤气体采集装置。该装置由钻入、去气、检验及连接收集四部分组成。     

环境监测中油的采样技术探讨

结合实际工作经验，分析研究了环境监测中油的采样受采样体积、深度以及布点的影响。认为计算含油量时应考虑水域的总体积、采样体积、水体表面积等，这样才能较准确地估算受污水域中的含油量。     

Proliferation kinetics in native chorionic villus cells

In accordance with observations by other groups direct CVS preparations reveal only a few mitoses, whereas semi-direct cultures (overnight incubation) give good results. By monitoring the BrdU uptake with an immunological method, a delay in the proliferation activity in native villi could be observed up to 7 h after biopsy.     

Oligohydramnios sequence in a live-born infant following chorionic villus sampling

We describe an infant born at 29 weeks' gestation with oligohydramnios sequence due to amniotic fluid leakage following chorionic villus sampling at 12 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first such report.     

Fetal blood sampling and cytogenetic abnormalities

From September 1984 to April 1991, we performed cytogenetic analysis on fetal blood samples from 214 second-and third-trimester pregnancies. One hundred and thirty-four cases were referred to consider the possibility of chromosomal mosaicism following amniocyte studies. The confirmation rate of mosaicism is at 0 per cent (0/9), 1·4 per cent (1/70), and 40 per cent (22/55) for cases of level I, level II, and level III mosaicism, respectively. Four out of 17 cases were positive for the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. Of 63 cases with abnormal ultrasound findings, blood disorders, or other genetically related clinical conditions, 11 were found to have a chromosome abnormality. Fetal blood sampling is a valuable adjunct to other methods in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism or pseudomosaicism. It is also useful when rapid cytogenetic diagnosis is desired because of malformations detected in pregnancies at a late gestational age.