气象因素对香港地区臭氧污染的影响

基于2000~2015年香港地区的臭氧监测数据和气象数据,分析了香港的臭氧污染特征及气象因素对臭氧污染的影响。结果表明:(1)香港地区臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节变化特征,其中秋季春季冬季夏季,臭氧超标日集中在夏季和秋季,超标日发生在冬季和春季的情形极少。(2)2000~2015年香港臭氧日最大8h平均浓度(MDA8)年均浓度呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为0.77μg·(m3·a)-1,臭氧MDA8第90百分位数浓度同样呈增长趋势,增长速率为1.49μg·(m3·a)-1。(3)较高的气温是香港地区臭氧污染发生的必要条件,气温越高越容易导致更高浓度的臭氧污染。(4)绝大多数情况下,臭氧浓度与相对湿度间呈负相关关系,相对湿度越高,香港地区的臭氧MDA8平均浓度及第90百分位数浓度均会降低。(5)当香港发生臭氧污染时,盛行风往往从偏北风或偏东风转为偏西风。随着风速的增大,臭氧平均浓度变化不大,但是臭氧第90百分位数浓度会明显降低。(6)降水和云量是影响臭氧浓度的重要因素,连续多日的无雨或少雨天气是臭氧污染事件发生的必要条件,而随着云量的增加,臭氧平均浓度和第90百分位数浓度会持续降低。(7)在太阳总辐射量≤20 MJ·m-2或日照时长≤10 h的情况下,臭氧浓度与太阳辐射及日照时长呈正相关关系。然而,在太阳辐射强烈的情况下(太阳总辐射量20 MJ·m-2或日照时长10 h),随着太阳辐射增强或日照时长的增加地面臭氧浓度反而降低,这是因为太阳辐射强烈的情况常出现在雨后天晴的背景下,并盛行来自海洋的偏南风,使得臭氧污染不易形成。(8)香港臭氧超标日的出现往往伴随着一系列气象条件的共同改变,包括晴天少雨、辐射增强、边界层高度增加、相对湿度降低、风速变小以及气温升高等气象特征,污染结束则伴随着相反的气象变化。     

热带气旋对珠三角秋季臭氧污染的影响

基于2015～2020年西北太平洋热带气旋路径资料、珠三角气象观测资料和臭氧监测数据,分析了西行热带气旋（A型）、东海转向热带气旋（B型）、近海影响热带气旋（C型）和远海热带气旋（D型）这4类热带气旋对珠三角臭氧浓度的影响.结果表明,在A型热带气旋影响下,区域臭氧浓度超标频率变化不大;在B型热带气旋影响下,珠三角臭氧超标频率明显升高;在C型热带气旋影响下,区域臭氧超标频率有较明显的升高,但是升高幅度弱于B型热带气旋;D型热带气旋远离中国大陆,对珠三角臭氧浓度影响很小.当A型或C型热带气旋发生时,珠三角区域臭氧日最大8 h平均浓度（MDA8）平均值的平均增幅在5μg·m^-3左右,部分城市臭氧MDA8可能下降;B型热带气旋发生时,区域臭氧MDA8平均增幅为19μg·m^-3,各城市臭氧浓度均明显增加,其中珠海、江门两市臭氧MDA8平均增幅较大,增幅超过了20μg·m^-3.相对来说,珠三角西部城市臭氧浓度受热带气旋的影响更大.当发生B型热带气旋时,珠三角地区太阳辐射增强、日照变长、云量减少、气温升高和相对湿度降低,同时高空下沉气...     

基于广义相加模型的北京市2018—2022年地面臭氧气象影响要素研究

臭氧污染是制约北京市环境空气质量持续改善的关键因子,气象是导致臭氧浓度超过国家标准的重要因素,探究气象要素与臭氧浓度之间的关系,对有效治理臭氧污染具有重要意义.本文分析了2018—2022年北京市地面臭氧浓度的演变特征,并利用气象要素和臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均浓度(O₃-8 h)观测数据,基于广义相加模型和合成少数过采样技术,构建了适用于北京的臭氧非线性回归预测模型,识别了影响北京市O₃-8 h浓度日际变化气象因子的重要程度.结果显示：(1)近5年北京市臭氧浓度仍处于高位波动阶段,5—9月是臭氧浓度超标最严重的时期.(2)回归模型对高浓度臭氧具有良好的预测能力,其对北京市5—9月O₃-8 h浓度变化的方差解释率为83.3%.(3)基于回归模型发现,日最高气温、风向、紫外辐射强度、相对湿度、风速、地表平均气压与O₃-8 h浓度之间均有显著的非线性关系,其中,日最高气温、风向和紫外辐射强度为主导O₃-8 h浓度变化的气象要素.在高温、主导风向为偏南风、紫外辐射强度较强的气象条件下,...     

河南省臭氧污染特征与气象因子影响分析

利用环境空气质量监测站和国家基准地面气候站数据,研究了2017年河南省臭氧(O_3)污染时空特征及其与颗粒物、前体物和气象因子关系.结果表明,河南省2017年O_3日最大8 h滑动平均值(MDA8)呈现夏季春季秋季冬季的特征,年均值为108μg·m~(-3);各地市均有不同程度O_3超标情况,其中,安阳超标天数高达88 d,信阳最少为17 d;春末夏初(5月和6月) O_3污染最为严重,O_3 MDA8月均浓度在140μg·m~(-3)以上,并在6月达到峰值;定性和定量分析显示O_3 MDA8月均浓度与颗粒物,O_3小时浓度与CO、NO_2呈负相关;不同季节、不同城市O_3MDA8与气象因子(日照时长、气温、降雨、能见度、相对湿度及风速)的相关性具有差异.     

沧州近地面臭氧浓度与气象条件关系

利用2013—2018年沧州市臭氧监测数据和气象数据,运用相关和百分位阈值法,分析了沧州市臭氧污染特征及气象因子对臭氧污染的影响。结果表明:沧州市臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节变化特征,春季和夏季最高;臭氧超标日数也集中在春夏季,臭氧浓度和超标日数均呈逐年增加趋势;在所有气象因子中气温与臭氧相关性最强,较高的气温是沧州市臭氧发生的必要条件,气温越高越容易导致高浓度的臭氧污染;绝大多数情况下,臭氧浓度与相对湿度呈负相关关系;降水量级及降水性质都会对臭氧浓度造成明显影响;风向与风速影响臭氧污染物的水平传输和垂直扩散,冬春季影响明显;春季臭氧浓度的增加与风速增大导致的混合层高度增加有重要的关系;颗粒物通过影响到达近地面的气象要素间接影响臭氧浓度。沧州地区臭氧超标日的出现伴随着一系列气象条件的共同改变,包括晴天少雨、混合层高度增加、风速增大、相对湿度降低及气温升高等气象特征,污染结束则伴随着相反的气象变化。     

昆明市臭氧污染特征及与气象因子关系初步研究

对昆明市2014—2018年空气质量和臭氧(O3)污染特征进行了分析,并结合臭氧污染观测资料和气象条件,对昆明市臭氧浓度与气象因子相关性进行了初步研究。结果表明:昆明市空气质量总体逐渐变好,臭氧浓度整体呈上升趋势,春季和夏季臭氧污染比较明显;臭氧浓度春季高,秋冬季低,高值主要集中在3—5月;臭氧污染主要出现在3—8月,7月最高;臭氧浓度与太阳辐射、气温、大气低层温度垂直分布、风速等总体呈正相关,与气压、相对湿度总体呈负相关。     

丰都县大气臭氧浓度变化规律与气象因子相关性分析

以2017年全年丰都近地层臭氧质量浓度观测资料为基础,研究其变化规律。探讨同期五大气象要素温度、相对湿度、太阳辐射、风速、云量对臭氧浓度的影响。结果表明:2017年臭氧浓度季节变化趋势比较明显,夏季最高,平均值为115.065μg/m3,冬季最低,平均值为40.391μg/m3;臭氧小时浓度在四季呈现明显的单峰分布;臭氧浓度与温度、太阳辐射量和风速呈正相关,与相对湿度、云量呈负相关。     

广州逐时臭氧污染气象条件指数研究及应用

利用2016—2020年近地面臭氧和气象逐时数据,基于相关性分析和概率统计方法,在分析臭氧敏感气象要素特征基础上,综合各气象因子对臭氧生成贡献大小,建立了广州逐时臭氧污染气象条件指数模型及等级标准,并进行了预报及检验.结果表明：(1)高浓度臭氧主要发生在高温低湿情况下,臭氧浓度及臭氧超标率均随着气温的升高而增加,当气温高于30℃时,臭氧浓度随温度的变化升高更为明显;臭氧浓度和超标率随着相对湿度的升高而逐渐降低,其中,当40%≤RH<50%时,臭氧浓度及超标率最高;当风速在1～2 m·s^-1时,臭氧超标率最大.(2)对所建立的广州本地化的逐时臭氧污染气象条件指数模型和分级标准进行了检验评估,结果显示,臭氧污染气象条件指数等级越高,臭氧浓度和超标率也越大,说明该指数能够较好地表征臭氧污染天气的强弱.(3)基于欧洲中心高分辨率数值预报产品,根据污染气象条件指数模型,对广州3种不同天气类型下的指数预报进行对比验证,预报效果较好,说明该指数对臭氧污染天气预报有较好的指导意义.     

2022年广东省冬季一次臭氧污染过程的气象成因及潜在源区分析

气象条件是造成臭氧季节变化的重要原因,为了解广东省冬季臭氧污染的气象成因,使用空气质量和气象要素的地面、垂直探测资料和再分析资料,选取了2022年1月3～6日广东省臭氧中度污染过程与2015～2021年秋季(高污染季)进行对比分析.结果表明：(1)污染过程期间超标城市总数为8个,其中1月4日肇庆达中度污染(219μg·m^-3);广东省ρ(O₃-8h)平均值为123μg·m^-3,较历史秋季平均浓度偏高了21%,但臭氧污染影响范围小于历史秋季污染过程.(2)风速偏小、日照时数偏长和局地环流影响下的气流回流效应是此次臭氧污染过程最主要的地面气象条件,气温偏低可能是这次污染过程影响范围偏小的重要原因.(3)垂直探测表明,夜间至早晨的贴地逆温,配合下沉气流偏强、风速偏小,使得上午时段NO₂浓度维持较高水平,进一步促使臭氧浓度增量比非污染时段偏高34.2μg·m^-3,残留层臭氧下传加剧1月4日臭氧污染.(4)气流轨迹分析显示臭氧存在水平输送和高空地面混合,近地面不同高度潜在源区主要集中在广...     

气象条件对深圳近地面臭氧浓度的影响分析

以深圳近地面臭氧浓度和气象条件为研究对象,分析了深圳臭氧污染与气温、相对湿度、风速、气团轨迹等气象因素关系。结果表明,深圳臭氧污染与气象要素密切相关,一般在气温高于24℃,相对湿度在55%~85%,日平均风速低于2m/s,受到偏北气团影响时,深圳易出现臭氧污染。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.