基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.     

Geosynthetics in protection against erosion for river and coastal banks and marine and hydraulic construction

Geosynthetic products offer owners, engineers, and contractors a safe and economical solution to everyday engineering challenges and construction requirements. Used as replacements to natural materials, geosynthetic products include a wide range of functions such as filtration, drainage, separation and reinforcement requirements. The wide range of geosynthetic use includes landfill caps and base liner applications, environmental protection under roads and railways, containment structures, dams, canals, ponds, rivers and lakes, coastal and offshore protection. However, their potential in other applications is only limited by convention. With the use of geosynthetics, most geotechnical structures can be improved and the design lifetime can be dramatically increased. Additionally new modern design approaches are often only possible with the use of geosynthetics. Because of the strong development of the various industries all around the world the development and challenge of the use of geosynthetics in geotechnical, hydraulic, coastal and offshore engineering should be of special interest. Based on engineering approaches and installed projects, this paper will cover the state-of-the-art of geosynthetics use in environmental applications, as well as in hydraulic, coastal protection and offshore engineering structures and also discuss the benefits of geosynthetics to modern building technology.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态

参照《农药残留试验准则》,采用田间试验方法,研究了济南和杭州两年两地的氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺最终残留在甘蓝、土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.297 mg.kg-1,〈0.097 mg.kg-1;在甘蓝、土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期分别为7.2～8.9 d和6.9～10.7 d;统计分析表明,两地区甘蓝中的残留消解行为无显著性差异,土壤中的残留消解行为差异性显著,土壤性质的不同是影响消解过程的主要因素。文章为制定该农药在甘蓝上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Assessment of solid waste and dumpsite leachate and topsoil

Dumpsite leachate contains different hazardous substances, some of which threaten the environment. In this study, municipal solid waste, dumpsite leachate and topsoil from seven different dumpsites in Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria were analysed using standard methods. The parameters analysed in the composite leachate samples collected are pH, solids, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand turbidity, heavy metals (e.g. Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cd) and some persistent organic pollutants (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]). Total organic carbon, heavy metals (e.g. Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cd) and organic pollutants (e.g. PAHs, PCBs) were analysed in the dumpsite topsoil and the control samples. The samples for heavy metal determination were digested using concentrated nitric acid and the digestate was analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas organic pollutants were extracted using cold extraction and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study revealed that dumpsites in Ibadan have ～90% domestic and 10% industrial waste, whereas the figures for Lagos are 80% and 20%, respectively. In the leachate samples, concentrations of PAHs and PCBs ranged from 0.85 to 1.47 mg/L and 0.01 to 0.08 mg/L, respectively; the values were 0.94–2.79 mg/kg and 10.0–412 μg/kg in the topsoil. If not properly managed, dumpsite leachate can seep into groundwater and surface water via run-off, and can have adverse effects on human health and the entire ecosystem.     

包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测与表征技术

随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在包装行业及食品工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,纳米材料的安全应用高度依赖于对其生物及环境效应的了解。有研究表明,纳米材料对人类健康及生态环境存在着潜在危害,这使得纳米材料的安全性成为毒理学领域的热点研究课题。同时纳米材料的安全性问题也成为纳米复合包装材料及纳米食品研究和开发的新瓶颈。在对纳米材料没有充分认识的情况下,为了消费者和生态环境的安全,必须控制包装材料及食品中纳米颗粒的种类、来源、含量及可能的释放,这就需要可靠的方法对纳米颗粒的性质和结构进行检测及表征。首先,综述了目前纳米材料在复合包装材料及食品加工中的应用,然后总结了包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测技术及表征方法,例如显微技术、色谱分离技术、光谱与质谱技术等。由于纳米材料的理化性质参数众多,应用多种分析手段来检测和表征纳米材料成为必然。最后对目前检测技术及表征方法的不足和今后发展方向进行了探讨。     

虱螨脲在棉花和土壤中的残留动态

在长沙和郑州2地进行田间试验,采用液相色谱技术研究虱螨脲在棉籽、棉叶及土壤中的残留动态.结果表明:虱螨脲在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的添加回收率分别为86.0%～94.7%、88.5%～92.1%和83.9%～97.7%;最低检出浓度分别为0.025、0.025和0.006 mg·kg-1.虱螨脲在棉叶和土壤中的半衰期分别是3.06～3.45和2.51～2.88 d.在推荐使用剂量和高剂量条件下,收获的棉籽中虱螨脲最终残留量均未检出,拟推荐我国棉籽中虱螨脲的MRL(最高残留限量)值为0.05 mg·kg-1.