农桐间作的养分循环

对农桐间作（以桐为主间作型）的养分循环规律进行了研究。结果表明，泡桐各器官营养元素的含量随季节而变化。对营养元素的年吸收量为４７１．９５９５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，其中氮１５５．１４２９ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，磷８０．０８２１ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钾８７．０３９４ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钙１１９．４６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，镁３０．２３４８ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２。营养元素的年归还量为３３１．６１５５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，其中氮１０２．５７２１ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，磷４３．２９２２ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２．钾６３．６４９７ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钙９７．３５８６ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，镁２４．７４２９ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２。营养元素的循环率为７０、２６％，其中氮６６．１１％，磷５４．０６％，钾７３．１３％，钙８１．５０％，镁８１．８４％。     

玉米地氮肥释放N_2O的研究

测定了３种施氮肥处理的玉米地Ｎ＿２Ｏ的排放通量，计算了氮肥以Ｎ＿２Ｏ形式排放成的氮损失率。在玉米生长期内，对照田、施化肥田和施混合肥田排放Ｎ＿２Ｏ通量分别是８．５±２．２、１８．９±１１．７和１５．４±５．９μｇＮ／ｍ￣２·ｈ，尿素和有机肥释放出的Ｎ＿２Ｏ占其相应施肥量的０．１９％和０．１２％。     

大连市肿瘤发生率与居民血硒水平的研究

采用新极谱法测定大连市健康居民３００例和癌症患者５０例全血的硒含量，分别为１４６．５±５１．０μｇ／Ｌ（１４８．１±５０．２μｇ／Ｌ和１４４．７±５１．９μｇ／Ｌ）和１２２．７±５５．９μｇ／Ｌ是正态分布类型，均小于我国低硒地区１６０μｇ／Ｌ是     

被动采样法测定环境空气中的二氧化氮

用被动采样方法吸收空气中的ＮＯ２，经实验室和野外实验证明，该方法测得的ＮＯ２浓度对渗透管发生的ＮＯ２浓度的相关系数为０．９９９５。用七个相同的采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的ＮＯ２浓度的相对标准偏差为３．６％。当ＮＯ２浓度为５０μｇ／ｍ＾３左右时，采样周期可长达一个月。该方法可用于大气环境中１０μｇ／ｍ＾３ＮＯ２日平均浓度的测定。     

绿磺隆对水稻的残留危害剂量

用田间模拟试验法，研究了土壤中绿磺隆不同添加量与水稻危害剂量的关系。结果表明：稻田绿磺隆添加量超过０．３７５ｇ（ＡＩ）／ｈｍ￣２时，就可能对水用产生危害，在此用量水平下，绿磺隆在耕层土壤中的平均残留浓度为０．１７μｇ／ｋｇ，按此推算，麦田按正常用量的２倍量（３０ｇ／ｈｍ￣２）施用，在种麦期间绿磺隆在麦田土壤中的半衰期超过３２．１ｄ．即会对水稻产生危害。     

螺孢菌ZG9901的筛选及其产碱性果胶酶发酵条件研究

用筛选培养基从芦苇土壤中筛选到７株碱性果胶酶产生菌株，经初筛选和复筛得到产酶活性较高的一株菌株ＺＧ９９０１，初步鉴定为螺孢菌属Ｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｐｐ．最适摇瓶产酶条件是：果胶２０ｇ／Ｌ，乳糖２０ｇ／Ｌ，蛋白胨３ｇ／Ｌ，酵母膏４ｇ／Ｌ，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４１ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＳＯ４．７Ｈ２Ｏ０．０４ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＣｌ２０．２ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ９．０，３２℃培养３６ｈ达到产酶高峰。     

亚热带红壤性稻田的甲烷排放

亚热带红壤性稻田的甲烷排放量为５５．２３９／ｍ２·ａ．不同年度间有差异；在年度内（水稻生长季节）亦有差异．以８月排放最多，其余月份依其排放量的顺序是７月，６月，５月，９月，１０月．甲烷排放率的日变化有规律性，１６时前后出现最大值，６时左右出现最小值，呈单峰型，日变化幅度与天气有关，季节变化比较复杂，无规律性，在不同年度、不同稻季（早、晚季），其变化也不一致．稻田甲烷排放与水稻生产和生长密切相关，水稻的种植和生长是稻田甲烷排放的基础和根源．     

乳化剂OP和邻菲啰啉存在下硫氰酸钾分光光度法测定土壤有效铁和植物中的铁

在硫酸介质中，在非离子表面活性剂乳化剂ＯＰ和邻菲啉共同存在下，铁（Ⅲ）与硫氰酸钾形成红色配合物，其最大吸收波长为５２２ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为２．０７…１０￣４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ．ｃｍ，铁（Ⅲ）含量在０—５０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律．该法操作简便、快速．选择性好，应用于土壤有效铁和植物中铁的测定．结果令人满意．     

绿磺隆残留对水稻生长的影响

观察了不同水稻品种对绿磺隆的敏感性，发现“９３２５”、“９－９２”、“９３８０”等３品种对绿黄隆高度敏感。采用添加法试验，证实绿磺隆残留对水稻株高、分蘖、干物质积累、产量影响明显，残留致使“９－９２”水稻减产２．３２％￣２３．５８％。建议在镇江市沿江、孟河平原和丘陵非重草害田块，应停止使用绿磺隆或通过复配方式，降低绿磺隆用量。     

蔓茎堇菜细胞悬浮培养的研究

对蔓茎堇菜细胞悬浮培养的条件进行了选择，并测定悬浮培养的生长动态。结果表明：蔓茎堇菜细胞悬浮培养的最适接种量为２．０～３．５ｇ（５０ｍＬ）；最适培养基为ＭＳ＋２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ＋１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＺＴ＋３００ｍｇ／Ｌ ＬＨ＋２００ｇ／Ｌ蔗糖（或葡萄糖），ｐＨ５．８；细胞悬浮培养一个周期过程中细胞数目增长的动态基本上是一条Ｓ型曲线，对数生长期明显；细胞鲜重（ｍＦＷ）和细胞干重（ｍＤＷ）则与细胞     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.