发根农杆菌转化海边香豌豆及转化体的体细胞胚胎发生

将海边香豌豆无功苗的子叶和下胚轴切段在附加ρ（2,4-D)=1mgL^-1,ρ（6BA)=0.5mgL^-1的MS培养基上预培养3d，然后与发根农杆菌A4菌液共培养30min。洗涤之后，在附加羧苄青霉素的无激素的MS培养基上培养。7－10d后，外植体切面处长出许多毛状根。继代培养时生长旺盛，且产生许多侧根和分枝。志状根的诱导频率与无菌苗培养天数和外植体来源部位有关。子叶切块的诱导率明显高于下胚轴，16d龄无菌苗的子叶切块诱导毛状根的频率最高。乙酰丁香酮处理菌液可以有效提高子叶外植体的毛状根诱导频率。将毛状根切段培养在含有ρ（2，4－D）＝1.0mgL^-1的MS培养基上可诱导出愈伤组织。该种愈伤组织转移到含有ρ（2，4－D）＝0.3mgL^-1的MS培养基上培养时，诱导出了许多早期体细胞胚。检测的转化组织均含有农杆碱和甘露醇。图2表1参19     

芋脱毒苗的组培快繁及田间试验

以莱阳孤芋为材料，研究了其茎尖分生组织培养脱毒及快繁技术，通过酶联免疫检测和电镜观察证实，经3次茎尖剥离培养所得试管苗已脱去芋花叶病毒，脱毒试管苗在MS ρ(BA)1.0mgL^-1 ρ(NAA)0.2mgL^-1的培养基中培养，月增殖系数为5.6；而培养基MS ρ（NAA)0.05-0.1mgL^-1 ρ(BA)0.15mgL^-1，不仅适于芋试管苗的生根，还有利于分化成苗，田间试验证明，脱毒试管苗定植于网室后，植株生长旺盛，球茎数量多，平均每株29.1个，两年的小区对比试验表明，脱毒种芋在球茎数量和产量上分别比CK增加37.6%-62.6%和20.2%-40.0%。商品芋数增加44.1%-67.6%。表4参1。     

丝状细菌污泥膨胀的FISH探针研究进展

在活性污泥法处理污水的工艺中,丝状细菌的过度繁殖常引起大量的泡沫并引发污泥膨胀.该现象的发生导致二沉池的污泥不能有效地沉淀,并大量流出,影响了污水处理厂的正常操作.本文综述了引起污泥膨胀发生的7大类潜在丝状细菌及其相关生理生态学特性;列举了国内外现有的潜在丝状细菌的FISH探针及其相关的杂交条件.目前,在活性污泥丝状细菌的分类鉴定、胞外酶、细胞表面特性和相关生态生理学特性方面,荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术均起到重要的作用,而国内相关的研究很少.设计特异性的FISH探针,并以此进行定量荧光原位杂交,将是国内污泥膨胀问题未来研究的重点方向之一.表7参57     

高州水库水质与浮游生物动态分析

为评价分析流域治理对水质的影响，于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查了高州水库（石骨库区）营养状态及浮游生物分布，并与历史资料进行比较分析。从2000年的数据来看，水库营养水平属于寡中营养型；丰水期的营养水平，浮游植物丰度及Chl a含量均高于枯水期，丰水期以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，而枯水期主要为蓝藻，浮游动物丰度枯水期远高于丰水期，以桡足类的广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti)，无节幼体，桡足幼体以及枝角类的角突网纹Sao(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和长额象鼻Sao(Bosmina logirostris)为主，与1988年的数据相比，总磷含量大幅度下降（0.021-0.006mgL^-1)，尽管总氮含量呈上升趋势（0.405-0.820mgL^-1)，但总的营养水平有所下降，浮游生物种类与丰度发生了较大变化。浮游植物种类组成由蓝藻占绝对优势演变为以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，浮游动物则由桡足类和枝角类取代原生动物和轮虫，成为主要的优势种群。浮游植物和浮游动物丰度均大幅度下降，说明经过近十年的流域治理，水库水质得到一定的改善。图3表4参19     

活性污泥系统原生动物多样性动态及其与运转效能的关系

研究了保定鲁岗污水处理厂活性污泥系统原生动物多样性动态及其与理化参数的关系.结果表明,为附着型纤毛虫的香农-威纳多样性指数最高,平均为2.25.自由游泳型纤毛虫的多样性指数最低,平均为0.27.各类群原生动物多样性指数与理化参数间相关分析的结果表明,匍匐型纤毛虫多样性指数对出水BOD5的指示效果最好,附着型纤毛虫多样性指数高则表明出水P浓度高,肉食型纤毛虫多样性值对出水氨氮及SVI具有较强的指示作用,有壳肉足虫多样性值对SVI的指示效果较好,裸肉足虫多样性值对出水氨氮浓度具有较好的指示作用.     

异养硝化微生物菌剂及其好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮试验

在3个相同的反应器(No.1、No.2、No.3)中,向活性污泥中投加异养硝化微生物菌剂,以批次试验和SBR试验的方式,研究了异养硝化微牛物菌剂对模拟废水的处理效果.结果表明,该菌剂可以大幅度提高活性污泥对氨氮和COD的去除率.批次运行试验中,反应器No.1运行3 d,氨氮去除率大于98.11%,COD去除率大于99%.该投加菌剂的活性污泥每克干污泥的脱氮能力为15.77 mg d-1.以SBR方式运行16 d的试验中,可能是由于功能菌株的流失导致3个反应器的脱氮效果有逐步降低的趋势.采用该异养硝化脱氮微生物菌剂培育出的异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥对模拟废水进行了脱氮试验.在较低运行温度(11～13℃)下以SBR方式运行10 d,反应器处理效果稳定,氨氮去除率70.75%～76.42%,COD去除率在90%以上.该异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥每克干颗粒的脱氮能力为372.00 mg d-1.以上试验都没有发现硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的积累.图5表1参19     

UASB反应器高温处理酒精废液的研究

在θ＝53±1℃条件下，采用UASB用1mo培养出颗粒污泥,到运行结束时，污泥ρ（TS）为65·0g·L－1，SVI为14．0，Umax（CH4）为603．9mL·g－1·d－1，对颗粒污泥微生物类群数量和微观结构的分析表明，颗粒污泥具有活性和结构上的高效性；反映在处理效果上，使UASB具有高效稳定的运行结果：当t（HRT）24．0～18．4h，容积负荷大于20g·L－1·d－1时，甲烷含量约60％，COD去除率约91％，出水ρ（COD）1400～2000mg·L－1，厌氧生物降解的产能和治污效果良好     

低水位运行对天目湖水库水质与生态的影响

2008年8月天目湖沙河水库开始进行除险加固施工,施工期间水库平均水位比2004—2008年平均值低1.73 m,对此期间水质、浮游生物等变化情况进行实地监测,研究低水位运行对沙河水库水质和生态的影响。结果表明,2008年9月—2009年8月低水位运行期间,水体对于外源营养盐输入的缓冲能力减弱,ρ(TN)浓度峰值与强降雨过程有关,1次早春暴雨(2009年2月17日—2月27日)即导致水体ρ(TN)由0.92升高到2.09 mg.L-1,直到夏季暴雨期后才回归正常;ρ(TP)主要受浮游植物生物量和悬浮物含量影响,低水位运行对其影响不大;2009年夏季浮游植物中蓝藻门比例明显高于2008年同期,说明整体藻类群落结构向偏富营养化状态转化;2009年6—8月原生动物平均丰度为1 730 L-1,轮虫为4 188 L-1,轮虫丰度较2008年同期增加近1倍,桡足类平均丰度较2008年同期下降21%,枝角类丰度变化剧烈;2009年夏季水库水体Chl-a营养状态指数高于2008年同期。总体而言,低水位运行期间整体生态系统的脆弱性增强,浮游动物、浮游植物、营养盐等生态系统基本要素的波动大大增加,环境条件变化对水库的冲击效果变...     

根癌农杆菌介导的高赖氨酸蛋白基因转化叶用莴苣的研究

构建了植物表达载体pLBI，该载体携带35S启动子、高赖氨酸蛋白基因(LRP)、NPTⅡ基因和NOS终止子，对影响根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens L.)转化的多种因素进行探索后，建立了一种农杆菌介导的稳定的叶用莴苣遗传转化系统．选择目前生产上大量推广应用的叶用莴苣品种，以其无菌苗子叶为外植体，经农杆菌LBA4404(含质粒pLBI)感染，在含ρ(Kan)／mgL^-1=100的芽分化培养基上筛选转化芽，转入含相同浓度抗生素的生根培养基上进行生根筛选，直至得到完整的再生植株．PCR扩增及Southern blot的检测结果均表明，高赖氨酸蛋白基因已整合到叶用莴苣基因组中．图4表4参6     

活性污泥好氧异养菌群平板分离培养方法的改进

自然温度(12~21℃)、贫营养、活性污泥提取物等目前提高菌群可培养性的方法用于培养活性污泥好氧异养菌群的结果显示,这些方法均能显著提高平板培养基的分离培养能力.含活性污泥提取物的贫营养培养基ASEⅡ培养细菌的数量可占细菌总数的23.2%,在所有培养基中最高,而营养最丰富的培养基MRS培养细菌的数量只占细菌总数的8.82%,在所有培养基中最低.图1表4参14     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.