铅锌污染耕地中重金属耐受细菌调查

对铅锌矿冶炼厂周围耕地中的细菌总数和抗性细菌群体数进行了调查。结果表明 ,随着污染的加重 ,土壤中可培养的细菌数量急剧减少 ,抗性细菌的比例增加。但是 ,细菌对Pb、Zn胁迫的适应进化反应不一样。经过长期的选择作用后 ,多数细菌群体能够耐受低浓度的Pb污染 (<2mmol·L-1) ,部分群体对低浓度Pb(0 .5mmol·L-1)有依赖性 ,但没有观察到能够耐受Pb浓度大于 4mmol·L-1的群体 ;0 .5mmol·L-1的Zn对细菌有抑制作用 ,但在所调查的样品中都存在能够耐受 4～ 6mmol·L-1Zn污染的群体 ,有的群体甚至能耐受 8mmol·L-1的Zn污染。能同时耐受Pb、Zn 2种重金属污染的群体数量较少 ,且耐受水平也较低 ,仅达到 2mmol·L-1。     

盐胁迫下外源硅对硅突变体与野生型水稻种子萌发的影响(Effects of Silicon on the Germination of Si Mutant Rice and Wild Rice Seeds under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻种子萌发的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐胁迫下野生型和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)种子萌发各指标的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的提高(0～150mmol·L-1),两种水稻的芽长、发芽势、发芽率均不断降低.在150mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,野生型和硅突变体水稻的芽长分别为0.33cm和0.55cm,仅为对照的8.0%和11.1%;发芽率仅为对照的29.7%和53.7%;发芽势则分别降低至0%和2%.外源Si可以提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的发芽指标,且对硅突变体水稻的影响显著大于野生型水稻.2mmol·L-1Si浸种+2mmol·L-1Si处理可使野生型水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加127.27%、169.23%和55.17%,发芽势则由对照时的0%提高至23.33%;硅突变体水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加307.27%、285.71%和80.29%,发芽势则由对照时的2%提高至82.22%.     

Zn2+对藻类生物膜生长生理特性影响研究

利用自制的简易生物膜反应器,在3500 lx的光照和14∶10的光暗比下,以Zn2+为模式重金属,利用模拟氮磷废水驯化培养鞘藻（Oedogonium sp.）使其形成藻类生物膜,研究不同Zn2+浓度对鞘藻形成的藻类生物膜生长及生理特性的影响。综合考虑藻类对Zn2+的耐受范围,选定模拟氮磷废水中Zn2+5个质量浓度水平：1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg·L-1,定时从反应器中取一定量的藻类生物膜,测定以下生理生化指标：叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、硝酸盐还原酶（NR）、蛋白质及胞外多聚糖,并以藻细胞干质量为基准。研究结果表明：藻类生物膜对Zn2+有一定的耐受性,且质量浓度为5 mg·L-1的Zn2+对藻类生物膜的生长有明显的促进作用,但当质量浓度增大至20 mg·L-1时,藻体大量死亡,藻类生物膜生长明显受到抑制。Zn2+质量浓度为3 mg·L-1的实验组对鞘藻的叶绿素含量有明显的促进作用,而当Zn2+质量浓度为20 mg·L-1时,鞘藻内的叶绿素含量明显减少。不同Zn2+质量浓度对鞘藻的生理生化指标也表现出不同的作用,其中SOD含量随着Zn2+质量浓度的升高明显受到抑制;10 mg·L-1的Zn2+对NR有明显的促进作用;各实验组蛋白质含量在实验初期均有增加,但随之又均有降低;在实验前2 d,20 mg·L-1的Zn2+对胞外多聚糖有明显的促进作用,其含量为对照的1.4倍。以上现象均表明藻类生物膜在重金属的作用下其生长代谢会发生一定的变化,使藻类生物膜能够在一定重金属浓度范围内较好地生长,为藻类生物膜的进一步利用奠定理论基础。     

重金属对发光海藻Pyrocystis lunula的毒性研究——一种新型的快速生物毒性测试方法QwikLite

利用海洋发光藻--新月梨甲藻Pyrocystis lunula的生物发光特性(QwikLite方法),以发光抑制为测试终点,研究了6种重金属离子Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Hg2+的毒性,24h EC50分别为4.6601mg·L-1、0.0960mg·L-1、1.4935mg·L-1、0.1626mg·L-1、0.1272mg·L-1、0.0048mg·L-1.将该结果与这6种金属离子对其它发光藻、发光菌、糠虾和泥螺的毒性效应进行了比较.结果表明,利用QwikLite方法和Vibrio覱scheri(Microtox方法)测定的6种重金属离子的毒性顺序相似,但QwikLite法比Microtox法的灵敏度高1～2个数量级;发光藻与糠虾和泥螺的灵敏度相似或者更高,与泥螺存在显著的相关性.发光藻毒性测试方法QwikLite由于灵敏度高、操作简便、快速经济等优点,可以作为一种新型的快速生物测试方法.     

藻细胞膜电信号对重金属的快速反应研究

为探讨藻细胞膜电信号对重金属离子的响应特征,运用细胞外表面技术和电化学方法研究了淡水藻——大型轮藻(Nitellaflexilis)藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉、铅的快速反应.结果表明,细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉响应灵敏且快速,30min内即对1μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+表现出超极化和膜电阻增大反应,而5、10μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+则在15min内引起细胞去极化、膜电阻减小,且剂量效应显著.细胞膜电信号对Pb2+的响应浓度为100μmol·L-1,30min内细胞先去极化后超极化,膜电阻持续增大.重金属作用前后相比,高浓度Hg2+、Cd2+(5、10μmol·L-1)导致藻细胞不可逆损伤,而其低浓度所致的损伤可恢复.Pb2+致藻细胞不可逆损伤的最低浓度为500μmol·L-1.对比膜电信号对3种离子的响应特点,发现藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对Hg2+和Cd2+的响应灵敏度大于Pb2+.     

皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌株DX-T3-01的耐镉性能及镉富集机理

从江西德兴铜矿土壤中分离筛选到一株具有较强耐镉(Cd)能力的细菌DX-T3-01,经生理生态及16S rRNA分析进行鉴定,研究其对不同浓度Cd2+的耐受特性及对重金属Zn2+、Cu2+、Ni2+的耐受性,进一步利用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和红外光谱(FTIR)探讨菌株对Cd2+累积去除的机理.经鉴定,耐镉细菌DX-T3-01为皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii);Cd2+最高耐受浓度(MTC)为16 mmol L-1,最低抑制浓度(MIC)为4 mmol L-1,并可耐受一定浓度的Zn2+、Cu2+;菌体积累Cd2+后细胞表面有沉淀物附着并有镉元素检出,对Cd2+的累积主要依靠细胞壁上—PO43-、胺基中的—C—N—、—M—O(O—M—O)、C=O和酰胺基(—CO—NH—)基团.图5参16     

牛磺熊脱氧胆酸在棕榈酸诱导的INS-1细胞凋亡中的作用（Effects of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid on the Apoptosis of INS-1 Cells Cultured by Palmitate）

为观察牛磺熊脱氧胆酸(Tauroursodeoxycholic acid,TUDCA)对棕榈酸(Palmitate)诱导的INS-1细胞凋亡的影响,分别用不同浓度棕榈酸(0.25mmol·L-1、0.5mmol·L-1、1.0mmol·L-1),棕榈酸(0.5mmol·L-1)+不同浓度TUDCA(25μmol·L-1、50μmol·L-1、100μmol·L-1)培养INS-1细胞12h,用MTT法检测细胞毒性作用,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,RT-PCR技术检测凋亡相关基因Bax/Bcl-2的表达.结果表明,与空白对照组比较,棕榈酸组(浓度≥0.5mmol·L-1)INS-1细胞凋亡率显著上升(p<0.05);加TUDCA培养组,当浓度≥50μmol·L-1时,与棕榈酸组相比,INS-1细胞凋亡率显著下降(p<0.05),呈剂量-效应关系.此外,棕榈酸组(浓度≥0.5mmol·L-1)INS-1细胞凋亡相关基因Bax表达显著上升(p<0.05),Bcl-2则明显下降;加TUDCA后,Bax基因表达显著下降(p<0.05),而Bcl-2则明显上升(p<0.05),并呈剂量-效应关系.以上结果表明,TUDCA能够减少游离脂肪酸引起的INS-1细胞凋亡,对INS-1细胞发挥保护作用.而凋亡促进基因Bax的表达下调,凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的表达上调可能是其作用机制之一.     

重金属对发光海藻Pyrocystis lunula的毒性研究——一种新型的快速生物毒性测试方法QwikLite(Study of Heavy Metals Toxicity for Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula——A New Rapid Toxicity Test QwikLite)

利用海洋发光藻——新月梨甲藻Pyrocystis lunula的生物发光特性（QwikLite方法）,以发光抑制为测试终点,研究了6种重金属离子Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Hg2+的毒性,24h EC50分别为4.6601mg·L-1、0.0960mg·L-1、1.4935mg·L-1、0.1626mg·L-1、0.1272mg·L-1、0.0048mg·L-1. 将该结果与这6种金属离子对其它发光藻、发光菌、糠虾和泥螺的毒性效应进行了比较. 结果表明,利用QwikLite方法和Vibrio ?覱scheri（Microtox方法）测定的6种重金属离子的毒性顺序相似,但QwikLite法比Microtox法的灵敏度高1~2个数量级;发光藻与糠虾和泥螺的灵敏度相似或者更高,与泥螺存在显著的相关性. 发光藻毒性测试方法QwikLite由于灵敏度高、操作简便、快速经济等优点,可以作为一种新型的快速生物测试方法.     

Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响

采用水培实验的方法,研究了Pb、Zn及其交互作用对蜈蚣草抗氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响.实验结果显示,Pb浓度在0—50 mg·L-1时,蜈蚣草叶绿素含量随Zn浓度增加逐渐升高、MDA含量逐渐降低,Pb、Zn交互作用可促进植株叶绿素合成.Pb浓度在100—400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用则降低叶绿素含量;在Pb浓度400 mg·L-1时,Pb、Zn交互作用显著增加MDA含量.实验结果还显示,在Pb浓度固定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT的活性随Zn浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;POD随着Zn处理浓度的增加持续增加.在Zn浓度一定时,蜈蚣草叶片SOD、CAT、POD的活性随Pb浓度增加先上升后下降.由此可见,在低Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为协同作用;在高Pb、Zn浓度下,Pb、Zn交互作用表现为拮抗作用.     

多壁碳纳米管存在环境下Pb、Zn对斑马鱼毒性的变化(The Change of the Toxicity of Pb and Zn on Zebrafish in the Case of the Existence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes)

研究了重金属铅、锌对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应及在人工碳纳米材料——多壁碳纳米管存在环境下,铅、锌对斑马鱼毒性的变化.结果显示,随着铅(Pb(NO3)2)、锌(ZnSO4)浓度的增加以及染毒时间的延长,斑马鱼死亡率逐渐增加;单一多壁碳纳米管悬液(10mg·L-1)对斑马鱼无明显毒性效应.Pb和Zn对斑马鱼24h、48h和96h的LC50分别为5.38mg·L-1、3.99mg·L-1、3.83mg·L-1和26.37mg·L-1、21.39mg·L-1、20.62mg·L-1;在多壁碳纳米管存在条件下,二者对斑马鱼24h、48h和96h的LC50分别为2.74mg·L-1、2.26mg·L-1、2.15mg·L-1和21.85mg·L-1、17.17mg·L-1、16.77mg·L-1.多壁碳纳米管存在条件下铅、锌对斑马鱼的LC50显著降低,提示碳纳米材料可能会增加重金属对水生生物的毒性.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.