淀山湖区域茭白种植模式氮、磷流失规律及负荷特征

在常规施肥条件下,通过大田小区径流试验研究了淀山湖区域特有的茭白-水稻轮作和茭白单作种植模式的氮、磷流失规律及污染负荷特征.结果表明,研究区氮、磷面源污染物排放主要集中在6-9月,排水TN平均质量浓度最高可达130.0 mg·L-1,以NH+4-N流失为主,主要来源于化肥施用;茭白生长期内,排水TP平均质量浓度为0.104～0.777 mg·L-1,以颗粒态磷为主,约占TP总量的73.5%～90.3%(除8月外).茭白-水稻轮作和茭白单作模式TN污染负荷分别为134.8和88.6 kg·hm-2·a-1,均高于太湖流域其他几种种植模式;而TP污染负荷则分别为1.52和1.06 kg·hm-2·a-1,低于太湖流域常见种植模式的平均水平.氮肥施用及氮素流失控制应作为淀山湖区域农业面源污染控制的重点.     

DNDC模型对川中丘陵区稻田CH4、N2O排放的模拟对比分析

利用IKONOS高分辨率(1m)卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆盖→综合信息提取的方法,选定了代表川中丘陵区类特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,通过对研究区域中不同固定耕作制度下代表性田块的选取,于2005年5月—2006年5月对田块管理者进行作物田间管理、作物产出等农业生产实际情况调查和分析,进行土壤理化性状、水样的测定,并结合当地的气象资料,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同耕作制度下稻田温室气体的排放情况。结果表明:冬水田-水稻田(PF)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为2.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,占年排放量的80.73%;水稻生长期和冬闲期N2O通量分别为0.033和0.003 6 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期排放量为4.28 kg.hm-2,占年总排放量的83.59%。CH4和N2O排放量在水稻整个生季节存在明显的互为消长关系。油菜-小麦田(RR)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.16 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的20.71倍,水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的90.48%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.070和0.027 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为8.01 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的54.19%。小麦-水稻田(RW)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的21.02倍。水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的89.75%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.089和0.030 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为9.61 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的55.23%。PF年CH4排放量是RR和RW的近3倍,且少一季作物产量,应尽量将冬水田改为两季田。     

DNDC模型对川中丘陵区稻田CH_4、N_2O排放的模拟对比分析

利用IKONOS高分辨率（1m）卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆盖→综合信息提取的方法,选定了代表川中丘陵区类特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,通过对研究区域中不同固定耕作制度下代表性田块的选取,于2005年5月—2006年5月对田块管理者进行作物田间管理、作物产出等农业生产实际情况调查和分析,进行土壤理化性状、水样的测定,并结合当地的气象资料,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同耕作制度下稻田温室气体的排放情况。结果表明：冬水田-水稻田（PF）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为2.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,占年排放量的80.73%;水稻生长期和冬闲期N2O通量分别为0.033和0.003 6 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期排放量为4.28 kg.hm-2,占年总排放量的83.59%。CH4和N2O排放量在水稻整个生季节存在明显的互为消长关系。油菜-小麦田（RR）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.16 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的20.71倍,水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的90.48%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.070和0.027 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为8.01 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的54.19%。小麦-水稻田（RW）水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的21.02倍。水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的89.75%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.089和0.030 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为9.61 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的55.23%。PF年CH4排放量是RR和RW的近3倍,且少一季作物产量,应尽量将冬水田改为两季田。     

DNDC模型对川中丘陵区稻田CH_4、N_2O排放的模拟对比分析

利用IKONOS高分辨率(1m)卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆盖→综合信息提取的方法,选定了代表川中丘陵区类特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,通过对研究区域中不同固定耕作制度下代表性田块的选取,于2005年5月—2006年5月对田块管理者进行作物田间管理、作物产出等农业生产实际情况调查和分析,进行土壤理化性状、水样的测定,并结合当地的气象资料,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同耕作制度下稻田温室气体的排放情况。结果表明:冬水田-水稻田(PF)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为2.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,占年排放量的80.73%;水稻生长期和冬闲期N2O通量分别为0.033和0.003 6 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期排放量为4.28 kg.hm-2,占年总排放量的83.59%。CH4和N2O排放量在水稻整个生季节存在明显的互为消长关系。油菜-小麦田(RR)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.16 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的20.71倍,水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的90.48%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.070和0.027 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O...     

不同栽培技术对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

2014年在大田试验条件下,以水稻品种苏101为供试材料,设置超高产生产技术、常规生产技术和减肥生产技术3个处理组合,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,开展了不同栽培技术下水稻生长季田间甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的原位监测试验,研究不同栽培技术对稻季CH4和N2O排放的影响及其温室效应,以期为稻麦两熟农田温室气体减排提供对策。结果表明:(1)不同栽培技术下水稻生长季CH4排放通量总体均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,CH4排放峰值出现在水稻生育前期,移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期CH4累积排放量占全生育期排放总量的比例为79.1%~84.5%,而N2O主要在水稻生育中期搁田的时候排放量较大;(2)不同栽培技术对稻季CH4和N2O排放有显著影响,CH4季节排放总量表现为超高产生产技术(423.68 kg·hm-2)减肥生产技术(407.51 kg·hm-2)常规生产技术(195.96 kg·hm-2),N2O季节排放总量表现为常规生产技术(3.88 kg·hm-2)超高产生产技术(2.96 kg·hm-2)减肥生产技术(2.72 kg·hm-2);(3)超高产生产技术稻季排放CH4和N2O产生的增温潜势最高(CO2 11 473.6 kg·hm-2),显著高于其他处理,比常规生产技术(CO2 6 055.7 kg·hm-2)增加89%,比减肥生产技术(CO2 10 998.4 kg·hm-2)增加4.3%;(4)超高产生产技术在增加水稻产量的同时也增加了太湖地区水稻生长季的温室效应,但是其单位产量的全球增温潜势低于同样实施秸秆还田的减肥生产技术。     

北京地区典型果园NANI解析与消减对策

人类活动引起的过量氮素输入已经成为引起区域生态环境恶化的主要原因.为探究北京地区人类活动产生的氮素对果园造成的潜在影响,基于大气沉降、肥料、食物/饲料和生物固氮四部分氮素输入之和的人类活动净氮输入(net anthropogenic nitrogen input,NANI)模型,估算了聂各庄果园2018年人类活动导致的净氮输入量.结果显示,研究区域NANI值为234 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1).其中,肥料输入强度为179 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),占NANI的62.1%;大气沉降输入强度为65 kg hm-2a-1,占NANI的22.5%;其他依次为生物固氮(18 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);6.1%)和食物/饲料(-27 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);-9.3%).研究区NANI值偏高,其为我国主要流域NANI值的1.4-3.9倍.肥料是该区域NANI的主要来源,其施用量高出全国和北京地区平均水平的13%和10%.大气氮沉降是NANI的第二大来源,其为全国平均沉降量的4.7倍.肥料和大气沉降都对区域生态环境造成了一定的压力,宜采取相应措施防止多余的氮素流向下游水体.在全国和北京地区平均施肥水平为基准的情况下,通过减少肥料用量17-22 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)可以有效降低研究区NANI值.通过减少或替换汽油驱动的汽车100万辆,可以减小大气沉降中硝态氮7.16 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1).本研究表明该区域NANI最主要的来源为肥料和大气沉降,通过一系列措施能够对区域内过量的氮素进行消减,达到净化环境的目.(图4表5参40)     

红壤丘陵区晚稻生长期间CO2的排放与固定规律

采用静态箱法对红壤丘陵区稻田生态系统CO2排放与固定进行定位观测.结果表明,晚稻生长期间稻田生态系统CO2通量的日变化随天气条件(晴天、雨天、阴天)的变化而变化,CO2日净固定量在晚稻生长期间波动性很大,最高达10.35 g·m-2·d-1,在晚稻成熟期表现为CO2负固定,为-0.92 g·m-2·d-1;整个晚稻生育期,稻田生态系统CO2累积排放量和土壤呼吸CO2排放量分别为20.4和6.3 t·hm-2,稻田生态系统CO2累积排放量与水稻生物量之间存在极显著幂函数关系.在整个晚稻生育期,稻田生态系统从大气中吸收碳量为3.85 ～4.00 t·hm-2.     

长期施肥对华北平原农田土壤呼吸及碳平衡的影响

在具有21年历史的长期定位试验地,研究了土壤温度变化、不同施肥处理对土壤释放CO2及小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)吸收CO2的影响,进而明确在华北平原小麦-玉米轮作制的农田生态系统中碳素平衡问题.研究表明:土壤释放CO2的量与土壤温度呈明显的正相关,相关系数分别达到r=0.717**(5 cm地温)和r=0.764**(10 cm地温).进一步研究表明:在小麦生育期,施氮、磷各处理土壤释放CO2的数量随气温而增加,氮、磷肥配合的各处理与对照和单施氮、磷肥处理之间有显著的差异(P<0.05);但是2个处理组合(氮、磷肥配合、单施氮、磷肥)之内各处理之间差异不显著.土壤温度在10～20℃之间单施氮、磷肥无助于改变土壤释放CO2的量,而氮、磷肥配合施用可以明显地增加土壤释放CO2的量.不施肥与单施氮、磷肥处理麦田土壤呼吸释放的CO2量大于小麦固定的CO2量,向大气净排放的CO2量达0.83～3.73 t hm-2,而氮、磷肥配合处理的麦田从大气中净吸收的CO2量达7.89～12.49 t hm-2.在玉米生育期,土壤释放CO2的量在7月中旬达到最高值(12.40～22.52 g·m-2·d-1),9月中旬降到最低(6.19～8.20 g·m-2·d-1).施用N 540 kg·hm-2·a-1,P2O5 135kg·hm-2·a-1的处理(N2P2)释放的CO2量与施用N 270 kg·hm-2·a-1的处理(N1)之间差异不显著.与其它各处理之间差异显著(P<0.05),表明在玉米生育期长期施用高量氮、磷肥明显地影响到土壤释放CO2的量.玉米不但可以吸收土壤释放的CO2,还要从大气中吸收大量CO2,即在玉米生育期的农田生态系统可以降低大气中CO2的含量.总之,在华北平原小麦一玉米轮作制的农田生态系统土壤呼吸不会增加大气中CO2的含量,相反则有可能减少其含量.     

不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响

采用田间试验研究不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响。结果表明,N2O释放量随着耕层土壤硝态氮含量增加而上升。不同施肥处理对N2O排放量影响不同,低氮处理(N1)排放量(整个玉米生育期按185d计算)为1.18kg·hm-2,高氮处理(N2)为2.39kg·hm-2。随着施氮量的增加,反硝化作用加强,N2O排放量上升,以N2O形式损失加剧。相同施氮水平条件下,随着有机肥施入量的增加土壤N2O排放量上升,其中以高氮高有机肥处理(M2N2)N2O排放量最高,达到了7.05kg·hm-2,占所投入氮肥的2.34%。相同氮素供应水平条件下增施磷、钾肥,也会增加N2O排放量。整个玉米生育时期通过N2O排放损失的肥料占投入氮肥比例为0.99%～2.46%。     

双季稻田不同种植模式对CH_4和N_2O排放的影响研究

以南方典型双季稻种植制度(早稻-晚稻R-R)为对照,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了双季稻田早、晚稻(Oryza sativa L.)改种玉米(Zea mays L.),包括早稻-玉米(R-C)和玉米-早稻(C-R)两种种植模式下周年温室气体排放及其综合增温潜势(GWP),旨在探索出适合双季稻区的低碳农业种植模式,对我国农业应对气候变化温室气体减排具有重大意义。结果表明:不同种植制中水稻种植CH4排放占主导地位,改制玉米N2O排放量显著增加;其中,早稻改制玉米(C-R)的CH4排放比晚稻改制玉米(R-C)显著降低68.5%(P0.05),N2O排放量有所降低,但没有达到显著水平;R-C和C-R模式CH4周年排放总量较R-R模式显著降低53.6%(P0.01)和183.9%(P0.01),但N2O排放分别显著增加257.0%(P0.01)和245.2%(P0.01);不同种植制度增温潜势(按CO2当量计)大小顺序为:R-R(8 855.3 kg·hm-2)R-C(4 881.4 kg·hm-2)C-R(2 116.4 kg·hm-2),且差异达显著水平,结合南方晚稻季温光资源的优势,认为玉米替代晚稻种植(早稻-玉米模式)是一可行的减缓温室效应的途径。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.