整合分析中的非参数检验:重复取样检验法的实例应用

整合分析(meta-analysis)是对同一主题下多个独立实验结果进行综合的统计学方法。非参数检验整合分析——重复取样检验(resampling test)不考虑原文献数据的分布形式，故可在不知原文献数据分布形式时使用。其中的靴襻法(bootstrap)可用来给出总效应值的置信区间，但不能检验组内异质性是否显著。靴襻法与随机检验法(randomization test)可以有效弥补这一缺失，判断出组间差异性是否显著。实例应用表明，重复取样检验没有参数检验保守，又与参数检验的结果差异较小。     

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)与紫外荧光法自动测量空气中SO2的对比

DOAS自动监测系统越来越广泛用于环境空气质量监测中SO2、NO2的监测,将差分吸收光谱法与紫外荧光法自动测量空气中SO2进行对比实验,并对监测结果进行讨论和统计检验,得出两种方法测定空气中的SO2,其监测结果具有较好的相关性、一致性、两者无显著性差异,在今后的监测工作中可用DOAS自动监测系统代替传统的干法点式自动监测系统监测SO2,以降低运行成本,减少仪器维护量,节约经费。     

离子交换树脂袋法研究森林土壤硝态氮及其对氮沉降增加的响应

用离子交换树脂袋法，研究了鼎湖山三种森林（马尾松林、马尾松针叶阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林）土壤硝态氮对外加氮的响应特征。结果表明，土壤硝态氮显著地受森林类型、季节和氮处理的影响。整体而言，阔叶林土壤硝态氮极显著高于马尾松林和混交林，而马尾松林和混交林之间的差异则不显著。三种森林土壤硝态氮的季节变化均表现为春季和夏季极显著高于冬季和秋季，而冬季又显著高于秋季。外加氮处理提高土壤硝态氮水平，其中在马尾松林和阔叶林氮处理效应显著。所得结果与直接采集土壤或土壤水测定的硝态氮含量的结果一致，表明离子交换树脂袋法是评价土壤硝态氮水平行之有效的手段之一。     

甲基纤维素在重量法测土壤硅中的应用研究

在重量法测定土壤全硅中，用甲基纤维素作凝聚剂，试验结果表明，用该凝聚剂与动物胶作凝聚剂测定土壤全硅的结果基本一致。甲基纤维素法的回收率为９３．８％—１０８．３％，标准差为０．３０％，变异系数最大为０．８８％；动物胶法的回收率为９２．３％—１０５．３％．用两种方法测定同一样品，两者间的绝对相差最大只有０．５％；ｔ检验表明，ｔ＝０．３６１＜ｔ（０．０５）＝２．２０，差异极不显著．因此，甲基纤维素可作为重量法测土壤硅的凝聚剂．     

Copeland法与证据权重法在污染物危害性排序上的对比研究

化学物质可能对生态环境或通过不同环境介质对人体健康造成危害。为识别出高危害的污染物,采用Copeland计分排序法和证据权重法,分别选择4、6和8个筛选指标,开展了50种污染物危害特性优先性排序。结果表明:筛选因子数量相同时,2种方法危害性排序结果的斯皮尔曼相关性在0.94以上,具有较好的相关性,可见2种方法均可用于污染物危害性排序;方法相同时,不同指标排序结果之间的相关性相对较小,表明选择不同的筛选指标对结果影响较大。     

五台山亚高山草甸小格局分析

用种毗连法和种小区法对五台山２４００２８００ｍ的亚高山草甸的小格局分析．结果表明：在小格局中，大部分种与优势种苔草呈正关联；小格局规模都较小，各个种趋于交错分布；不同规模的格局应用不同的分析方法，小格局不能用中格局分析方法进行研究；种小区法和种毗连法都是有效的小格局分析方法，从本文结果看前者优于后者．     

利用淡水发光菌评估电化学法处理模拟印染废水的效果

本研究利用新型淡水发光菌作为检测手段，对上种染料在电化学法处理模拟印染不过程中毒性的变化进行监测，结果表明，对工艺过程效果进行评估或对工业废水排放进行控制，仅仅采用化学参数的测试是不够的，应同时采用生物生测试手段。     

神经网络法预测分子总表面积的研究

本文用误差反向传播人工神经网络（ＡＮＮ）预测有机分子的总表面积，提出一组分子描述码（描述分子的分支性、不饱和性和成环性）作为输入的特征参数，预测结果：对于烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、脂环烃、芳烃、卤代烃、醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、胺、硫醇、杂环等１４类有机物平均误差为２．５８％，对于多环芬烃平均误差为２．８８％。根据ＡＮＮ法提供的信息，用统计分析的方法，得到分子总表面积与分子描述码之间的关联式，用它估算分子总表面     

Fenton法与光Fenton法降解2,4-D的研究

对Fenton法与光Fenton法降解农药2,4-D进行了研究.探索了反应条件对降解效果的影响;确定了反应动力学和处理效率;同时考察了主要阴离子对反应效率的影响;以及不同条件下体系中羟自由基(·OH)的产生规律.结果表明,过氧化氢或亚铁离子的浓度过低或过高都对2,4-D的降解有不利影响,氧化剂与催化剂之间的最佳比例为5:1,最佳初始pH值在3.0-3.5之间.在最佳条件下,氧化剂与2,4-D比例为1:1时,可在10min内降解85%的农药,TOC去除率也达80%以上.引入紫外线,可在降低氧化剂剂量下达到同样效果.碳酸根和磷酸根分别在不同程度上影响2,4-D的降解效率.各种条件对体系中·OH产生效率的影响与2,4-D降解效果的变化规律一致,说明·OH是导致2,4-D降解的活性基团.     

不同区域城市排水系统中H2S的溢出规律

通过对广州、兰州和昆明等城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度、管网参数与水质指标等进行实地监测,考察不同区域城市排水系统中H2S溢出规律.结果表明,不同城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度与当地居民生活习惯相关,并具有明显的时段特征;在相同监测时段内,不同区域H2S溢出浓度与溶解氧浓度(DO)、有机物浓度、硫化物浓度、硫酸盐浓度以及污水流量有关.单样本K-S检验结果表明,不同区域城市排水系统H2S的溢出浓度具有相同分布规律,均近似服从正态分布.独立样本t检验结果表明,广州与兰州H2S的溢出浓度没有显著差异,但与昆明的H2S溢出浓度则具有显著差异.     

快速测定水中有机磷农药方法的研究

研制出一种能快速测定水中有机磷农药的植物酯酶片和底物片。这种酶片和底物片具有价格低，易获取、稳定性好等优点，适用于野外无仪器设备条件下快速检测有机磷农药危险水平，对常用几种有机磷农药来说，其检出限在０．０４－１０．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１范围。     

木材检查站建设与发展浅探

木材检查站既是林业部门的基层执法单位,也是森林资源保护和监督的主要屏障.通过分析湖南省木材检查站建设与发展现状,剖析木材检查站建设与发展中存在的问题.从检查站布局、检查方法、机构编制和经费、规范化建设等层面探讨木材检查站建设与发展存在的问题的解决对策.     

Utility of check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in ground water and the resultant analysis of blood serum and urine of villagers,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh,India

High levels of fluoride (beyond 1.5 ppm) in ground water as source of drinking water are common in many parts of Andhra Pradesh, India, causing fluorosis. The study carried out in endemic Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, has indicated that the fluoride-rich ground water present in the wells located down stream and close to the surface water bodies is getting diluted by the low-fluoride surface water. Encouraged by this result, check dams were constructed upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride bearing ground water zones in Anantapur District to reduce fluoride levels as an alternate solution for safe drinking water.In this paper, an attempt is made to study the utility and effect of these check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in drinking water and its resultant impact on the health aspects of certain villagers of Anantapur District through the analysis of their blood serum and urine. Ground water samples from three fluoride-affected villages, blood and urine of males and females from the same villages were collected and analyzed for fluoride using ion selective electrode method. The results indicated that the fluoride levels in blood serum and urine of males in the age group of 5–11 years are found to be the highest. The concentration of fluoride in ground water is directly proportional to the concentration of fluoride in blood serum and urine. The concentration of fluoride in ground water with depth of the aquifer is a function of lithology, amount and duration of rainfall, rate of infiltration, level of ground water exploitation in the area etc. The construction of check dams upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride waters will not only cause additional recharge of ground water but also reduces the fluoride concentration eventually improving the health of the villagers.     

酚类化合物臭氧氧化速率的神经网络研究

酚类化合物(BP)是重要的工业原料或中间体,但工业废水含有的酚类化合物会对环境造成污染。为建立酚类化合物臭氧氧化速率的QSPR(quantitative structure-property relationship)预测模型,分析了23种酚的分子结构与臭氧氧化速率之间的相关关系,计算了这些酚的分子连接性指数和分子形状指数,优化筛选了连接性指数的1χ和2χ、分子形状指数的K1和K2共4种参数,将其作为BP神经网络的输入层变量,臭氧氧化速率作为输出层变量,采用4:2:1的网络结构,获得了令人满意的QSPR神经网络预测模型,模型总相关系数r为0.976,计算得到的臭氧氧化速率的预测值与实验值较为吻合,平均残差仅为0.05;为检验结构参数建立模型的普适性,同样方法建立对酚类化合物的辛醇-水分配系数的预测模型,模型总相关系数r达到0.993,辛醇-水分配系数的预测值与实验值吻合度较为理想,结果表明,本法建构的神经网络模型具有良好的稳健性和预测能力。     

醇和酚类污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫毒性的定量结构-活性模型

醇和酚类等有机化合物作为重要的工业原料,广泛应用于医药卫生、有机合成、食品工业等领域,但生产中排放于环境的这些物质,会对生物造成一定的毒性作用。为建立包含醇和酚类有机污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫毒性的定量结构-活性相关性模型,计算了227种有机污染物的分子连接性指数和分子形状指数,优化筛选了分子连接性指数的0X、1X、2X、4X和5Xc、分子形状指数的K1和K2共7种参数,将这7种结构参数作为神经网络输入层变量,110种有机污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪的毒性值作为输出层变量,采用7:8:1的网络结构方式,构建了令人满意的对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪毒性的神经网络预测模型,方程总相关系数r为0.988,毒性预测值与实验值之间的平均误差为0.14。为检验指数的普适性,同样用这7个结构参数与117种醇和酚类化合物对梨形四膜虫的毒性进行分析,所得神经网络模型的总相关系数达到0.997,对梨形四膜虫毒性的预测值与实验值之间的平均误差仅为0.065,结果表明,所建模型具有良好的预测有机污染物对林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫急性毒性的能力。     

Cars on crutches: How much abatement do smog check repairs actually provide?

Not as much abatement as has been presumed. Smog check programs aim to curb tailpipe emissions from in-use vehicles by requiring repairs whenever emissions, measured at regular time intervals, exceed a certain threshold. Using data from California, we estimate that on average 41% of the initial emissions abatement from repairs is lost by the time of the subsequent inspection, normally two years later. Our estimates imply that the cost per pound of pollution avoided is an order of magnitude greater for smog check repairs than alternative policies such as new-vehicle standards or emissions trading among industrial point sources.     

Teil III: Stoffstromanalyse

A material flow analysis is performed to check the measures of groundwater protection, especially those undertaken to reduce nitrate leaching in water protecting areas. The impacts both of direct and of indirect agricultural processes are assessed. Implementing the methodology of cost counting into the material flow analysis allows one to test whether the equalization payments (agreed on in voluntary agreements between farmers and water economy for special groundwater protecting measures as direct drilling or intercropping) are appropriate for compensating the resulting economical losses for the farmer. It is shown that this extensive production produces more profit — despite lower yields and inferior quality — due to equalization and lower production costs. However, these results strongly depend on yield estimation. Groundwater protecting measures with low input (e.g. nitrogen reduction) reduce environmental impacts on a regional and also on a global scale, while other measures such as intercropping increase them due to additional fertilizer application. So it is still difficult to choose one or the other because of weighing global against regional effects in a qualitative and quantitative way.     

Coral weight increment in situ. A new method to determine coral growth

An underwater weighing apparatus is described. This consits basically of a float, the buoyancy of which is neutralized by a known amount of lead weights. The standard error of the method is ±0.1g. The entire weighing procedure takes place on the reef using SCUBA diving gear. The advantages are that the animals are not harmed by experimental treatment, and that the pure calcium-carbonate increment is registrated. Some results obtained by this method show growth of Montastrea annularis and Madracis mirabilis.     

荧光猝灭法测定菲、苊、芘与腐殖酸的结合常数

用荧光猝灭法测定了胡敏酸（Fluka）与苊、菲和芘相互作用的结合常数（KDOC），其lgKDOC值分别为4．4，4．48和4．89．用同样方法测得长江水生FA以及黑龙江水生FA和HA的KDOC之间有显著差别．HA的KDODC一般高于FA．黑龙江水生FA的KDOC高于长江．对同一来源的腐殖酸，三种多环芳烃的KDOC与KOW呈线性相关．