环境社会学视野中的人与环境和谐发展

从环境社会学角度出发,将自然环境视作社会中的变量,通过对国外环境社会研究历程以及研究成果的阐述来分析中国环境治理主体应实现由政府到社区的转换,和现代社会对以社区为主体开展环境治理遇到的问题与挑战。     

青海环境问题的环境社会学探析

根据青海高原的生态环境问题，运用环境社会学原理分析造成这些问题的原因，提出解决的社会性思路，探索生态问题演变与社会发展变化的关系，揭示变迁的社会动因。     

环境社会学教学中的困境与思考

正作为一个特殊的社会群体,高校大学生正经历人生中从依赖性向成熟独立的过渡阶段。在这个过程中所形成的价值观,将对他们未来的行为取向产生至关重要的影响。基于此,在高校的环境社会学教育中,应该向他们传授怎样的环境知识?如何引导他们选择恰当的环保理念,并身体力行?根据环境社会学的教学经验,笔者发现,大学生群体对环境保护这一议题存在很大兴趣,并且有着积极的环保意识。但是,当环保理念放置于大的社会价值观时,其中仍旧存在诸多困境。     

亟待发展的中国环境人文社科学科

广义而言,中国环境人文社科学科是20世纪80年代初开始我国传统人文社科学科对日渐突出的生态环境问题回应与互动所形成的众多新兴、交叉和边缘学科的总称,具体包括环境哲学、环境伦理学、环境美学、环境文学(艺术)、环境史学、环境社会学、环境政治学(环境公共管理)、环境教育学、环境经济学和环境法学等,同时还应包括近年来在属于理...     

中国水污染的本土解释——读陈阿江《次生焦虑:太湖流域水污染的社会解读》

由于我国环境问题愈演愈烈,环境保护正吸引着各个学科的注意。迄今,它早已不仅仅是环境科学的事情,经济学、法学、哲学、社会学、政治学、文学、历史学等人文社会科学都纷纷发展出了与环境问题相关的分支学科,围绕环境问题从各个侧面展开理论研讨,     

浅析环境问题中的社会关系和社会矛盾

本文在对环境问题归纳和总结的基础上,揭示环境问题与社会问题相互作用的类型、原因、特点,揭示不同区域、不同社会团体、不同人群之间的环境关系、环境矛盾的特点,以及环境问题与社会矛盾相互转化的状况,对如何消除环境冲突和摩擦,协调环境问题中人际关系进行了思考。     

环境治理范式的演进与环境自觉行动

通过对环境治理范式演进过程的分析，讨论了传统“命令—控制”型的环境治理范式的缺陷，并对“环境自觉行动”——这一新的环境治理范式的优点和局限性进行了重点探讨。     

浅议美国的环境公正

从环境公正的起源、内涵、法律依据等方面，对甍国环境公正的法律体系做了较深入地分析，探讨了一个社会学和政治学或伦理学概念顺应时代要求进入法律体系的必要前提和机制。     

高校教育与可持续发展战略

所谓环境教育,是指全方位的环境保护和可持续发展意识的教育,即将这种教育深入贯通到整个自然科学、技术科学、人和社会科学等综合性教学和实践过程中,使其成为全体受教育的基础知识和综合素质的重要组成部分。可持续发展强调的是人类社会经济、资源和环境的协调发展,是人们世界观、价值观、道德观的变革,也是人类行为方式的变革。为实现这种变革,实施环境教育至关重要。而实施环境教育的对象,重点是活跃在各个领域的各级决策和高层次骨干人才。所以在高等学校实施环境教育,牢固树立保护环境的道德观和可持续发展和环境的基本能力,使他们走向社会就像绿色的种子,撒向全国各地各行各业,成为实施可持续发展物中坚力量,是高等教育的重要任务之一。     

生活在两种范式之中

＂范式＂是科学哲学家用的一个概念,它是指某一领域的科学家共同体所其同遵从的世界观和行为方式,它包括共同的基本理论、观念和方法,共同的信念,还有自然观等。在这里,范式指的是人们对发展的观念与思想。一、为什么提出范式问题为了拯救地球人们已经有了很多的行动。近年来,绿色经济、生态文明,口号一个跟着一个,实践也有不少。但是,环境变化的总趋势却不容乐观。尽管看起来有的国家、有的地区其环境比较好或有所改善,整体环境的恶化大趋势并没有改变。为什么是这样一个＂进中有退＂的情况？     

The use (and abuse) of the new environmental paradigm scale over the last 30 years: A meta-analysis

This paper reports a meta-analysis of studies using the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale over the last 30 years. A review of 69 studies from 36 countries (including 58,279 participants from 139 samples) shows that there is considerable variation in the way the NEP Scale is used, particularly with regards to the number of items used and the number of points on the Likert scale employed. Results from weighted regression analyses reveals that variations in sample type and scale length have a significant effect on NEP scores. In particular, environmentalist and white-collar samples scored significantly higher on the NEP Scale than nationally or regionally representative samples, while blue-collar samples scored significantly lower; and participants scored higher on 6-item versions of the scale than on the revised 15-item version, and lower on versions of the scale containing 5, 7, 8 or 10 items. Implications of this research for the comparability of previous studies using the NEP Scale are discussed and guidelines for future research are presented.     

The environmental attitudes inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the structure of environmental attitudes

Environmental attitudes (EA), a crucial construct in environmental psychology, are a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating the natural environment with some degree of favour or disfavour. There are hundreds of EA measures available based on different conceptual and theoretical frameworks, and most researchers prefer to generate new measures rather than organize those already available. The present research provides a cumulative and theoretical approach to the measurement of EA, in which the multidimensional and hierarchical nature of EA is considered. Reported are findings from three studies on the development of a psychometrically sound, multidimensional inventory to assess EA cross-culturally, the Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI). The EAI has twelve specific scales that capture the main facets measured by previous research. The twelve factors were established through confirmatory factor analyses, and the EAI scales are shown to be unidimensional scales with high internal consistency, homogeneity and high test-retest reliability, and also to be largely free from social desirability.     

Amenity Values of Public and Private Forests: Examining the Value–Attitude Relationship

Public values toward forests have changed since the late 1980s, from a commodity-oriented perspective toward a more inclusive (commodity and non-commodity) orientation. This study examines the influence of four indicators of population diversity (age, ethnic background, place of residence, and gender) on amenity values of forests, environmental attitudes, and forest value—attitude correspondence. Four values of public and private forests were assessed, wood production (utilitarian value), clean air (a life support value), scenic beauty (an aesthetic value), and heritage (a spiritual value). Environmental attitudes were measured using a modified version of the New Environmental Paradigm scale. Five hundred and forty-eight randomly selected residents of households in 13 states of the Southern United States participated in a telephone interview. Age and ethnic background were found to moderate the value—attitude relationship, with the strength of the association being dependent upon the type of forest (i.e., public or private) and the forest value (i.e., utilitarian, life support, spiritual, and aesthetic). Females, younger persons (less than 43 years old), and whites reported lower utilitarian values of forests than their respective counterparts. Results are interpreted within the context of an emerging post-material society, in which a biocentric orientation to forests and the natural environment may be favored more by a younger (versus older) generation and increasingly racially diverse U.S. population. Implications for managing forests using a multiple-values (versus multiple-uses) approach are discussed.     

开发区回顾性环境影响评价工作要点探讨——以江苏某开发区为例

回顾性环境影响评价是环境影响评价制度的重要组成部分。目前,我国开展回顾性环境影响评价的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文以江苏某开发区为例,重点探讨了开发区回顾性环境影响评价的内涵、作用、意义、程序和内容,旨在为今后开展开发区回顾性环境影响评价提供借鉴。     

Adolescents’ environmental worldview and personality: An explorative study

There is a growing interest among scholars in instruments based on environmental worldview. Several studies have used instruments of this kind to compare groups of children or to assess the impact of environmental education initiatives (EEIs) on children’s environmental worldview. When using scales of this nature, it is important to control for factors that might blur the true impact of EEIs. One such factor - and which may have been neglected - is personality. This study (n = 957) examines the link between environmental worldview of Belgian adolescents (as measured by the New Environmental Paradigm scale for children - NEP) and their personality (as measured by the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children - HiPIC). The results show that adolescents who are willing to take responsibility for their actions and who feel in control over the outcomes of their decisions are more likely to have an ecocentric worldview. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that, for Belgian adolescents, egocentrism and ecocentrism are opposite conceptions. All correlations were, however, small and showed no deterministic pattern in the relationship between adolescents’ environmental worldview and personality, indicating that worldviews are not stable or innate characteristics within individuals, but can be influenced by interactions between the individual and its context. Personality traits explained only a very small part of the variation in adolescents’ environmental worldview (.7%), suggesting that they are unlikely to blur the impact of EEIs in worldview-based assessment. This is an important finding as it indicates that the results of studies showing differences in the environmental worldview of different groups of respondents or changes in their environmental worldview as a result of taking part in an EEI are not artefacts of non-control for personality and that they may, therefore, reflect genuine differences, changes or impacts.     

Evaluation of the california environmental quality act

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) has evolved from a mini-NEPA, first enacted in 1970, into a procedural act that affects the approval process of all large developments in California. In 1990, California local governments produced over 1600 environmental impact reports and 30,000 initial studies under CEQA. Because of its widespread use, CEQA has periodically drawn the attention of the state legislature, most recently in 1993, when over 60 CEQA reform bills were introduced. This paper describes the CEQA process and evaluates its success at meeting its explicit and implicit goals. The research includes a statewide survey of CEQA practice, sent to the planning departments of all 513 local governments in California in 1991. Survey respondents agreed that CEQA helps in evaluating environmental impacts, reducing impacts, informing the public, and coordinating public agency review. It is effective in reducing the environmental impacts of individual projects, but is not as effective in improving environmental quality on an areawide scale. This research concludes that CEQA has led to positive outcomes and is not as deeply flawed as many of its critics claim. Still, CEQA as currently designed may not be the optimal vehicle for ensuring environmental quality.     

Designing of an environmental assessment algorithm for surface mining projects

This paper depicts the method used to quantify the environmental impact of mining activities in surface mine projects. The affected environment was broken down into thirteen components, such as Human health and immunity, Surface water, Air quality, etc. The effect of twenty impacting factors from the mining and milling activities was then calculated for each Environmental Component. Environmental assessments are often performed by using matrix methods in which one dimension of the matrix is the “Impacting Factor” and the other one is the “Environmental Components”. For the presented matrix method, each Impacting Factor was first given a magnitude between −10 and 10. These factors are used to set up a matrix named Impacting Factor Matrix, whose elements represent the Impacting Factor values. The effects of each Impacting Factor on each Environmental Component were then quantified by multiplying the Impacting Factor Matrix by Weighting Factor Matrix. The elements of the weighting factors matrix reflect the effects of each Impacting Factor on each Environmental Component. The outlined method was originally developed for a mining and milling operation in Iran, but it can successfully be used for mining ventures and more general industrial activities in other countries in accordance to their environmental regulations and laws.     

关于日本《环境教育等促进法》修改的研究

日本于2012年10月1日正式颁布了《环境教育等促进法》,此法由2003年颁布的《有关增进环保意愿以及推进环保教育的法律》修改而来,是一部充分调动各个社会主体协同合作,用环境教育开展环境保护工作的法律。通过分析该法多角度分层次的教育措施及特点,借鉴日本多年来环境教育推广经验,对我国加快环境教育立法进程,实现全民环境教育,增强全民节约意识、生态意识、环保意识,全力建设美丽中国有着重大意义。     

Guidelines and Techniques for Improving the NEPA Process

/ The Council on Environmental Quality's (CEQ's) principal aims in implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) are (1) to reduce paperwork, (2) to avoid delay, and most importantly (3) to produce better decisions that protect, restore, and enhance the environment. This paper presents four strategies for improving the NEPA process along with tools that can be used to implement each strategy. The tools include guidelines for project management and problem definition, tips for acquiring existing information and identifying issues of public concern, worksheets on how to identify and analyze potential impacts on resources, ideas for enhancing NEPA documents, and a NEPA process checklist. The tools can be used at various stages of the NEPA process and provide a toolbox of guidelines and techniques to improve implementation of the NEPA process by focusing the pertinent information for decisionmakers and stakeholders. KEY WORDS: National Environmental Policy Act; NEPA; Environmental impact assessment; Ecosystem management     

新老建设项目环境保护管理法规对照分析

最近颁布的《建设项目环境保护管理条例》,使我国环境影响评价制度在法制化的轨道上又向前迈进了一步,对我国环境影响评价工作的开展将产生重大影响。本文就原《建设项目环境保护管理办法》与新条例作出分析比较。