污水处理工艺中搅拌能耗及节能途径

文章针对污水处理工艺中生化单元搅拌混合设备的能耗及其影响因素进行了分析,并对几种主要结构的潜水搅拌机的能耗进行了对比试验.试验结果表明:合理的池型设计、设备布局安装角度,可提高有效搅拌体积;采用高效的电机驱动方式,如采用4极电机或永磁同步电机替代传统多极异步电机,可分别节约11％和18％的能耗.     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗，并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。本文运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直至污水厂施工建设，处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析，并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明，AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可比普通活性污泥法分别节省9．5％和15．8％，但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态，其比较耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

青海北川河流域水环境现状评价及污染防治基本对策

本文选择北川河流域具代表性的监测断面及其主要污染因子,采用综合指数法,对其水质现状和污染趋势进行了分析和评价,并对防治提出可行对策.     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

北京市建筑节能现状与对策

建筑能耗在北京市能耗总量中是关键的一部分,推广节能建筑对于北京市的低碳发展具有重要意义。在当前北京市建筑节能工作中,采暖能耗是节能减排的重点,公共建筑能耗增加需要控制。在北京市低碳建筑推进工作中遇到了评测标准、检验方法的不完善,企业与个人的动力不足以及相关技术创新能力较低的障碍。针对这些问题,政府应从加强宣传与干预、建立低碳建筑标准规范和技术体系角度实施相应的应对措施,鼓励企业和个人选择低碳建筑,完善检测标准,健全技术创新体系,促进低碳建筑的推广。     

江安河水质特征分析及治理对策研究

采用综合评价与分类评价相结合的方法,分析江安河水质特征,旨在发现影响河流水质的主要污染物和污染源,为江安河水污染防治争水责源利用提供科学依据.2011年10月对江安河全段水质进行了统一标准监测,监潮项目有氨氮、总磷、COD、浊度,共4个项目;2012年4月再一次对江安河全段进行监测,并增加测量其水体中几种重金属含量.总体上,上游和中游断面均属清洁水质,下游断面属污染水质.河流综合污染指数、营养盐类污染指数、重金属污染指数均沿流程顺序增高.主要污染物为化学需氧量、氮磷类污染物.上游多为农业灌溉区,中下游污染较为严重,其中生活源、工业源排放的污水是影响江安河水质的主要污染源.     

汽车排气的综合治理

汽车排气污染已经成为城市中主要的空气污染源，本文分析了汽车排气污染产生和加重的原因，提出了综合治理汽车排气污染的3条技术途径和6条非技术途径。     

城市道路交通环境污染与防治

对汽车排气污染及其危害问题进行分析阐述,并对如何加强汽车排气污染的防治提出建议。     

应用地积累指数法和生态危害指数法对关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤重金属污染评价

采用近年常用于重金属污染的地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法对关中西部某铅锌冶炼区表层土壤中重金属污染情况进行了评价.结果表明,两种方法均能对人为污染行为作出较为科学的评价,且两种方法可得到相似的评价结果:该冶炼区周边土壤Cd元素为中重度污染,Pb为中等污染,Zn和Cu为轻微污染.生态危害指数评价法和地积累指数评价法两种方法都是基于沉积学理论提出,两者各有侧重点,对于重金属污染的系统评价各具合理性;但在对土壤重金属污染进行评价时,有一定的局限性,建议在修正其参数后综合应用.     

城市居住建筑能耗预测模型

针对城市居住建筑能耗问题,利用相关分析、鱼骨图模型得出城市能耗与影响因素联系程度,并结合SVM原理构建城市能耗预测模型。鱼骨图以城市能耗为原因问题,以城市能耗直接相关的因素作为原因,间接相关作为子原因,相关系数作为联系值,得出相关的关系系数并作为因素权重。以28组工程项目数据作为训练样本,利用SVM模型建立相应的预测模型,并采用平均绝对误差进行评估,再以5组测试样本进行检验。研究结果表明,夏温度设定与各因素的相关性极弱;户主年龄较重要,电脑台数较不重要。     

Energy Considerations in Design for Environment: Appropriate Energy Selection and Energy Efficiency

Abstract

The design aspects of energy selection and energy efficiency are described. These topics are key components of Design for Environment, and thus are important considerations in industrial ecology. In the article, background material is presented on energy forms, sources, carriers and conversion technologies. Then, energy use in countries, regions and sectors is discussed, and the impact of energy use on the environment described. Efficiencies and other measures of merit for energy use are presented, and design for energy selection and for energy efficiency are described, highlighting energy-related design factors for pollution prevention. Finally sustainable development and its relation to energy and efficiency are discussed, and a case study is presented.     

Energy indicators and sustainable development: The International Energy Agency approach

The International Energy Agency (IEA), together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN‐DESA, Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency, has recently published a comprehensive joint‐agency overview of energy indicators for sustainable development. The IEA's contribution to this publication is based on the IEA energy indicator approach. This approach has been developed and used by the IEA over a number of years. The indicators advocated by the IEA are relatively disaggregated to allow for meaningful analysis of sustainability issues in the energy sector. Using a decomposition approach helps reveal the causal links between human/economic driving forces, energy use and emissions. This article presents examples of IEA's work with indicators and an overview of the methodology used, including an explanation of the link to sustainable development. It also provides an example of a simplified indicator analysis of India, to illustrate the importance of improved data systems in developing indicators that can provide meaningful policy analysis.     

China: Energy and environment

Some of China's most prominent environmental problems are related to energy The air pollution of the cities and industrial centers is caused by the inefficient combustion of coal. Deforestation is due to a certain extent to the procurement of firewood. Further problems are caused by the ash and slag from coal combustion and the oil pollution of the sea. While most of China's air is still clean, pollution levels in the cities surpass by far those of German industrial towns, and the health effects are becoming apparent The problem of deforestation must be considered still more serious because it affects whole regions. Short-term effective solutions to the problems presented are not available     

Energy pricing and groundwater use

The current policy of many state governments in India to supply cheap and subsidized power to farmers for irrigation pumping is being increasingly questioned by many environmentalists and agriculturalists. States where power tariffs for irrigation are subsidized and cheap have seen a fall in their groundwater tables which could threaten the long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture in these areas. This paper presents the results of a survey, undertaken to understand the effect of energy pricing on groundwater tables. The paper argues that current energy pricing policies are at cross purposes to groundwater conservation. Equity effects of energy pricing for irrigation pumping is also discussed .     

Energy planning and wood balances

Woodfuel balances are commonly used by energy planners in developing countries to determine the adequacy of woodfuel resources. Recently, critics have argued that wood balances are misleading in their simplicity, exaggerating both the severity of the woodfuel shortage and the need for planned interventions to solve that problem. This paper examines four different wood balances developed for Tanzania. While the four studies all indicate that areas with miombo woodlands are in the greatest wood surplus, the specific estimates for any given region may differ widely. Despite their shortcomings, energy planners need woodfuel balances to give an impression of the adequacy of woodfuel resources. However, if energy planning is to have any effect, these balances must represent the beginning, and not the end result, of the planning process. Planners must follow the wood-energy balance analysis with work utilizing local people to solve local problems.     

Rural Energy

One of the most critical problems facing many developing countries is that of the alarming rate of depletion of traditional sources of energy, largely fuelwood and charcoal, which together command the largest share of energy used in rural areas. This has resulted in soil erosion, degradation of the land, reduced agricultural productivity and potentially serious ecological change. The social and economic impacts have been detrimental to the countries' populations, particularly for those living in the rural areas. Urgent action is therefore required to correct the fast deteriorating situation through evolution of fitting policies, establishment or strengthening of appropriate institutions and provision of adequate funding. But resolving the situation will be difficult and challenging for the problems are many, some of them complex. New sources of energy such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal have a potential role to play in helping meet current and future energy requirements in the rural areas; but their widespread use and acceptance would be enhanced through increased research, development and demonstration, more funding, improved education and training and better flow of information on the advances in these fields.     

城市污水处理厂中的能耗及能源综合利用

从城市污水处理厂工艺处理流程的角度探讨了城市污水处理厂的能耗,指出污水处理厂运行的主要耗能设备,并在此基础上对污水处理厂的节能从设计、运行进行了阐述,提出了节能措施;对污泥所含能量的回收与综合利用做了初步探讨,该研究对城市污水处理厂的设计、运行具有重要的指导意义和工程应用价值,具有较高的经济效益和环境效益。