燃煤锅炉烟气脱硝技术的研发与应用

选择性催化还原技术（SCR）是燃煤锅炉最有效的烟气脱硝技术，NH3／NOx混合效果是该技术工程设计时遇到的难点之一。QI^2-SCR技术在“主动利用不均”理念的指导下，开发了关于喷氨格栅的专利技术，充分发挥了有限体积催化剂的性能，在较小氨逃逸率的前提下，实现了较高的脱硝效率。     

烟气高效脱硝一体化技术的研究及应用

对某电力公司4号600MW机组烟气脱硝超低排放改造中,应用烟气高效脱硝一体化技术,采用特殊布置SCR反应器和高效催化剂,利用计算机流场分析优化烟道的设计、喷氨及混合装置,实现烟气脱硝的超低排放,同时控制飞灰、SO_3、氨逃逸等含量,避免对下游的脱硫、除尘设备产生不利影响而降低脱除效率。     

超低排放背景下煤电机组氨管控存在的问题及对策探析

近年来,我国大气污染防治成效显著,煤电机组超低排放政策实施对此做出了突出贡献。氮氧化物是煤电机组超低排放中的重要控制指标之一。然而,受现有氮氧化物排放监测和喷氨控制技术的精度、反馈时效等因素的限制,为提高脱硝效率保证性,电厂在实际运行中存在过量喷氨现象,未完全反应的氨进入大气后可能造成二次颗粒物增加。针对这一现象,本文回顾了我国火电行业氮氧化物排放标准和治理措施的演化及实施效果,对煤电机组氨排放现状和存在的问题进行了深入分析,提出在推进氮氧化物超低排放过程中应开展脱硝过量喷氨现状调研,鼓励企业开展脱硝系统优化,加强复杂烟气环境下氨监测技术研发,完善脱硝氨逃逸日常环境监管,推动氨排放全生命周期转化规律基础研究和大气环境效应评估,进一步提升煤电机组超低排放政策实施的综合环境效益,也对其他行业超低排放政策推进起到示范作用。     

“填料+丝网”除雾技术在石化电厂氨法脱硫的工业应用

采用“填料+丝网”除雾的氨法脱硫工艺技术解决氨法脱硫“烟气拖尾”及气溶胶等问题，并在克拉玛依石化公司热电厂进行应用实践。实际的脱硫效率达到了98%以上，出口烟尘尘小于10mg/m3。     

水泥窑炉SNCR工艺主要运行参数控制

结合西安西京公司1200t/h生产线烟气脱硝技改工程总承包项目的设计及调试,介绍了SNCR工艺的运行特点,总结出还原剂、氨氮比、喷枪安装位置及数量、喷氨量等工艺参数的合理规范及控制方法。调试运行证明,在合理的设计范围内,其整体运行情况良好,系统的脱硝效率可达到国家环保要求。     

骑行新安江：沉醉山水画廊

一年一度的“五一”小长假，照例要单车远游。在路上，我血脉喷张，却不能信马由缰，因为这一次我的身份是领队，而我仅有的队员天际同学是个“菜驴”。这次我选择了骑行新安江，三百公里的旅程，风景有“山水画廊”之灵秀，人文有“唐诗之路”之厚重，足够吸引眼球。     

危险废物焚烧工艺急冷系统的研究应用

危险废物焚烧处置过程中会生成包含二噁英在内的有毒有害物质，必须对烟气进行严格的净化处理。目前，危险废物焚烧采用温度骤降方式（雾化液滴与高温烟气混合实现对气体污染物组分的急冷降温），以减少二噁英异相合成的时间。急冷控制是焚烧尾气净化的重要技术，在以往项目中经常出现急冷雾化不良、水/气压力调节反应迟缓、急冷过喷、急冷欠喷等问题，对项目的顺利验收与运营造成影响。文章通过分析危废焚烧处理的工艺特点、结合项目经验，对急冷系统的设计与控制进行了研究与完善。该设计研究结果已在后续项目中予以应用。     

V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂在玻璃窑SCR脱硝中的应用

氨气选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术已成熟应用于玻璃窑炉脱硝工艺。文章介绍了SCR脱硝工艺的核心V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2蜂窝催化剂应用方案的设计要素,并列举了典型工程实例的设计方案,进行催化剂性能分析。设计要素包括催化剂节距的选择、体积用量及元件长度的计算、催化剂层数、模块布置和最低喷氨温度等。通过催化剂性能分析,得出结论:脱硝效率与烟气流量及入口NO_x浓度成反比,而与NH_3/NO_x摩尔比成正比,NH_3/NO_x摩尔比的增高会加大氨逃逸;在一定温度范围内,烟气温度与脱硝效率及SO_2/SO_3转化率均成正比;烟气流量的增大和催化剂化学使用时间的延长,导致了催化剂压降的升高。     

烟气脱硝反应器计算流体力学模拟研究

SCR烟气脱硝系统中的流场与喷氨格栅设计,是影响系统主要技术指标的关键环节,采用计算流体动力学模拟方法建立计算模型,对某企业的锅炉烟气脱硝反应器进行模拟研究和工程设计,实践证明,该计算流体动力学模型能够满足烟气脱硝工程设计的精度要求,计算结果对工程设计具有较好的指导意义,对同类工程也具有一定的参考价值。     

流场模拟在脱硝系统超低排放中的应用

燃煤电厂烟气脱硝目前以选择性催化还原脱硝(SCR)技术为主。在超低排放的要求下,脱硝系统普遍采用的提效措施是改善流场、加强混合效果,并加装第三层催化剂(原设计2层)。其中,通过CFD技术对流场进行优化设计是一项关键技术,通过合理的导流板、整流格栅、喷氨格栅、混合器的设计,提高催化剂入口烟气流速均匀性、氨气分布均匀性、降低整体系统阻力。文章对CFD技术做了简要介绍,并结合实际工程案例,对CFD在SCR脱硝系统优化中的应用做出分析。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.