栽培植物的化学调节和控制

化学调节和控制作为近代农业生产中的一项新技术已日益显示出其重要作用和地位。人们进行化学调节和控制的目的是提高植物的抗逆力与抗病力、改善品质,实现增产增收。与其它农艺措施相比,化学调节和控制具有投资少、见效快、效果好、社会和经济效益显著等特点。1化学调节和控制的应用前景广阔在近代农业中,化学调节与控制的应用非常广泛,它能更好地促进或抑制植物的生长、发育、开花、结果,提高植物的抗逆力;能通过打破种子休眠、促进生根、化学整形、化学杀雄.调节雌雄花性别转化,化学疏花疏果,保花保果以及无核化处理等手段生产出更多、更…     

废物利用发展油田助剂

油田开发需要大量的化学助剂,由于昂贵的价格影响了成本。为减少耗资,吉林油田利用化工产品的下脚料和煤矸石等研制并合成了油田的化学助剂,例如增产剂、ＣＥＡ解堵剂、吗啉驱油剂、ＰＳ增油剂,以及堵水剂ＨＰＡＮ等。将其应用于生产,保护了生态环境,减少了环境污染,节省了大量资金。为油田废物再利用打开了极其广阔的应用市场。     

不同修复剂对重金属污染土壤修复效果研究

本试验自制重金属污染土作为研究样本,试验采用室内盆栽试验,试验设置6个不同处理:未添加化学修复剂(CK)、2%骨炭(A)、2%活性炭(B)、2%磷矿粉(C)、2%土壤修复剂Ⅰ(D)和2%土壤修复剂Ⅱ(E),与已筛选出的富集乡土植物油菜、马铃薯、狼尾草、小麦、刺儿菜、巴天酸模相配合,对重金属污染土壤进行修复,测定土壤中重金属含量。结果表明"2%土壤修复剂Ⅱ(E)"修复效果最佳,尤其是与巴天酸模、刺儿菜植物搭配为最佳。因此对重金属污染土壤可采用植物和化学修复相结合的修复方法,修复效果明显。提出了生物修复和化学修复技术结合的污染土壤的修复技术措施,旨在为推动本省污染土壤的修复储备技术和积累经验,为有效合理利用土地环境资源,保持土地资源利用可持续性和延长土地资源使用周期提供了科学依据。     

含油污泥回注技术开辟环保新思路

含油污泥的处理或再生利用,已成为国内外各油田亟待解决的难题。利用含油污泥产于地层、与油层有良好配伍性的有利因素,对其进行化学处理,使之成为含油污泥调剖剂进行回注,用于高渗透注水井调剖。室内试验表明,含油污泥调剖剂能够进入油层深部,起到较好深部调剖的作用。     

化学增幅抗蚀剂用光产酸剂——硫鎓盐的合成方法

介绍了国内外光致抗蚀剂的研究进展、化学增幅光致抗蚀剂用光产酸剂--硫鎓盐的主要合成方法,同时介绍了193nm光致抗蚀剂所使用的光产酸剂及其合成方法,指出合成193nm光致抗蚀剂用光产酸剂的重要性.     

“杀手天鹅”救赎记

天鹅以美丽优雅的身姿，恬淡无争的性格，受到了人们万般喜爱。但一段时间来，栖息在英国著名的彭布罗克城堡附近的天鹅，却接连惨遭屠戮。歹徒的恶行，让人们感到义愤填膺。警方迅速立案，展开侦查。案情真相大白，结果出乎人们预料：凶手竟是被杀天鹅的同类，一只成年雄天鹅。如何处置这只被誉为“杀手”的天鹅呢？     

污水处理厂化学除磷精确控制系统研究——以山东某污水处理厂为例

我国总磷排放标准日趋严格,污水处理厂为保证出水总磷达标,过量投加化学除磷剂,造成资源浪费。为在出水水质达标的基础上节省化学除磷剂添加量,以山东某污水处理厂为例设计了化学除磷精确控制系统。在充分考虑仪器故障潜在风险的前提下,根据进水磷酸盐负荷实时调整药剂投加量,采用“前馈+反馈”控制的模式,实现加药过程的自动化及智能化。此外,该系统还可以显著节省化学药剂用量,如在山东某污水处理厂试验表明,该系统可节省除磷药剂约12.9%。不仅解决了污水厂除磷剂粗投放的问题,而且还可以增加出水稳定性,减轻运营工作的压力,使污水厂管理向精细化方向迈进。     

水处理剂发展趋向绿色化

介绍了绿色化学研究的内容，提出了水处理剂实现绿色化的技术路线。     

含油污泥调剖技术研究及应用

从工艺成熟性和处理程度方面简述了化学热洗技术、热分解技术、焚烧处理技术、溶剂萃取技术、含油污泥调剖技术处理含油污泥的现状,并对几种工艺进行对比分析。探讨了含油污泥无害化处理的指标、处理流程工艺的优化、无害化处理的效果。通过分析含油污泥组成及粒径,进行了含油污泥复合堵剂性能试验及含油污泥冻胶体系性能试验,对含油污泥堵剂性能进行室内评价,并进行调剖现场试验,分析了措施效果,评价了经济效益情况,为油田含油污泥资源化利用提供参考。     

PAM的毒性作用及矿场防护措施

通过对油田现场施工情况的调研,论述了PAM及PAM类型的油田化学用剂在生产和应用过程中的毒性作用、毒性特点以及中毒后的临床表现,提出现场污染对环境的危害,同时为从事油田化学的技术人员提供了防护措施建议。     

Sorption of dissolved lead from shooting range soils using hydroxyapatite amendments synthesized from industrial byproducts as affected by varying pH conditions

For immobilization technologies to be successful, the use of readily available and cost advantageous amendment is important when the remediation targets vast amounts of contaminated soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the byproduct-synthesized hydroxyapatite can be used as an immobilizing amendment for dissolved Pb from a shooting range soil, and to model the kinetic data collected from dissolution experiments. A soil–solution kinetic experiment was conducted under fixed pH conditions as a function of time. A Pb-contaminated soil was reacted with various hydroxyapatite amendments to determine the dissolution rate and mineral products of soil Pb. Three types of amendments used were pure hydroxyapatite (HA), and poorly crystalline hydroxyapatites synthesized from gypsum waste (CHA), and synthesized from incinerated poultry litter (PHA). The dissolved Pb concentration decreased with the addition of amendments at pH 3–7. Both CHA and PHA were more effective than HA for attenuating Pb dissolution at pH 6 and above. According to the thermodynamic calculation at pH 6, the dissolved Pb concentration for CHA and PHA treatments was predicted to be 66% and 50% lower than that of HA treatment, respectively. A better Pb immobilization effect demonstrated by CHA and PHA resulted in their greater solubility at higher pH, which may promote the formation of chloropyromorphite precipitates. Dissolution kinetics of soil Pb was adequately explained by pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations in acid pH ranges. According to the ion exchange model, an adequate agreement between the experimental data and regression curves was shown in the initial 40 min of the reaction process, but the accuracy of model predictability decreased thereafter. According to kinetic models and dissolution phenomena, CHA and PHA amendments had better Pb sorption capacity with rapid kinetics than pure hydroxyapatite at weak acid to neutral pH.     

湖北省节庆旅游开发研究

节庆旅游的开发在提高区域知名度、传播区域文化、塑造区域旅游品牌、促进区域对外经济合作、带动区域经济发展方面发挥重要作用。在对节庆旅游概念界定和湖北省节庆旅游概况分析的基础上，从精品打造、市场运作、分工协作、群众参与、营销等方面提出了湖北省节庆旅游开发的策略。     

中国海滨旅游研究进展

在阅读大量相关文献资料的基础上,试图从海滨旅游兴起的原因、海滨旅游主体、海滨旅游客体及海滨旅游主客体间关系4个方面对近年来国内有关海滨旅游的研究作一系统综述.在此基础上,对中国海滨旅游以后的研究进行了展望.     

国内外耕地保护的经济补偿研究进展述评

采用文献回顾法、归纳法和比较研究法对国内外耕地保护经济补偿研究的趋势、理论和方法、内容和体系进行了归纳、分析和总结。研究表明:①在研究内容方面,国外将耕地保护的经济补偿融合于农业补贴,尤其是农业生态补贴和农业环保计划之中。国内耕地保护经济补偿研究内容则多侧重于对耕地价值、价格和效益的内涵界定、测算方法以及耕地非农化补偿(征地补偿)研究方面。②在研究体系方面,已有研究未能将区内和区际补偿、生态效益和社会效益补偿进行有机结合。③在研究理论和方法方面,未能将相关理论进行有机融合,也未能从耕地保护外部效益供体与受体分析的基础上合理测算耕地保护的外部性。为此,我国学者应在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,结合我国实际,构建适合我国国情的的耕地保护经济补偿体系和运行机制。     

Review of socio-economic drivers of community acceptance and adoption of decentralised water systems

The aim of this paper is to highlight key social and economic drivers crucial to understanding community acceptance and adoption of decentralised water systems. The review focused on social science literature pertaining to alternative forms of household water, with an emphasis on research examining decentralised water acceptance. Researchers consistently reported that most communities were open to alternative water sources for domestic applications; however, this was highly dependent upon the level of personal contact with the water. Acceptance and adoption of alternative water technology, such as decentralised systems, was influenced by risk perception, water culture, and threat perception. Motivational drivers were also identified as potentially influencing adoption of decentralised systems. A clear limitation of the literature was found to be an over-reliance on measuring people's intentions to adopt alternative water systems and building a conceptual understanding of acceptance solely on hypothetical water supply scenarios. Further, within the social science literature there appears to be a skewing towards focusing on acceptance of centralised alternative water, such as recycled and desalinated water systems. Although there are some research outcomes that are generalizable to the decentralised water context, it is clear that there is a significant gap in the knowledge base of social drivers specific to the acceptance of decentralised water systems and the factors contributing to its widespread use. It is recommended that future research focus on examining public attitudes relevant to decentralised water systems, as well as adoption behaviours among current users of these systems. This will assist in developing policies specific to domestic decentralised water use.     

Recent developments of safer formulations of agrochemicals

The primary objectives of formulation technology are to optimise the biological activity of the pesticide, and to give a product which is safe and convenient for use. However, because of the wide variety of pesticide active ingredients which are available, many different types of formulations have been developed depending mainly on the physico-chemical properties of the active ingredients. In the past most formulations were based on simple solutions in water (SL), emulsifiable concentrates in a petroleum-based solvent (EC), or dusts (DP) and wettable powders (WP). The presence of petroleum-based solvents in EC formulations and dusty powders in DP and WP formulations can lead to safety hazards in use and a negative impact on the envirnoment generally. Most government and regulatory authorities are now demanding formulations which are cleaner and safer for the user, have minimal impact on the environment, and can be applied at the lowest dose rate. Developments in formulation technology and novel formulation types, sometimes in special packaging such as water-soluble packs, can also give products a competitive advantage, add value or extend the lif-cycle of active ingredients. There is also a demand from government authorities and consumer groups to use safer formulation additives and adjuvants, and to minimise the residues of pesticides on food crops after spraying. All of these aspects are putting increasing pressure on the development of improved formulation and adjuvant technologies. Pesticide formulations for spray application and for seed treatment are discussed, along with developments in bioenchancement.     

An analysis of variables influencing the material composition of automobiles

The use of materials is studied broadly, because of the environmental problems related to extraction, production, consumption and waste treatment. The use and substitution of materials in products is therefore a relevant issue for environmental policy making. Studies have been done to describe the material flow or to measure the impact of materials or products on the environment. However, these studies do not often consider economic, substitution and dynamic aspects of material flows. Other studies on material flows analyse the relationship between the use of materials and economic growth, but they do not consider substitution between materials. For environmental policy making economic, technological and environmental aspects of the use of materials need to be considered. Especially, substitution of materials is important. In various countries material and product policies are imposed on a variety of materials and products. For evaluation of these policies their environmental and economic effects need to be examined in detail. This study aims to analyse the economic and technological factors influencing the use of materials and the substitution between different materials dynamically. The goal is to obtain an insight in the effect that material levies may have on the use and substitution of materials. The statistical analysis is performed on a specific product-group because decisions on the use of materials are taken on a product-level. The case study is performed on automobiles. The results show that the material use is largely an autonomous development. The price of aluminium has a positive, significant effect on the use of that material. The price of plastics has a positive, but not significant effect on the use of plastics. Reasons may be that the costs of a raw material are small relative to the processing costs, and that the production process can only be changed slowly. Other factors, like competitiveness and consumers' tastes, may be more important for substitution. This implies that levies or subsidies on certain materials is not a promising policy to change the use of materials. Besides time, there are two other factors that have a positive and significant relationship with the use of aluminium and plastics: the fuel efficiency, which is the distance driven divided by the energy used; and, the road tax, which depends on the weight of a car. However, these effects are caused by their positive relationship with time. The main conclusion of the case study is that imposing a levy on materials may not have the desired or expected effect of reduction in material use.     

EPR在电子废物管理中的应用

指出电子废物具有商品性、外部性、公共物品三个经济学属性，以及在市场条件下上述属性所带来的市场失灵问题。研究了延伸生产者责任的理念、框架和种类，总结了电子废物延伸生产者责任制度的两种执行方式。借鉴国外先进经验、针对我国实际现状，提出了分阶段完善我国电子废物管理体制的政策建议。     

电子废弃物资源化技术现状

随着电子废弃物数量的日益增加和对电子废弃物资源化利用要求的提高,电子废弃物经历了由堆存到资源化利用的发展过程.目前电子废弃物资源化技术主要包括物理处理法、化学处理法和热处理法等方法,实现电子废弃物的资源化.     

航空运输条件对锂电池安全性能的影响

航空运输条件对锂电池运输过程中的安全性有着较大的影响。本文介绍了联合国专家委员会关于危险货物运输的建议书及其试验和标准手册中锂电池运输鉴定的相关规定，重点阐述TUN38.3试验测试对锂电池安全性能的要求，并对测试中需要注意的安全问题进行了探讨。