矿区废弃地植被恢复中的森林生态效益计量分析

基于矿区废弃地植被恢复的视角，在分析矿区废弃地生态系统脆弱性和森林生态效益价值计量理论与方法的基础上，探讨了森林生态效益计量问题。结合矿区废弃地的相关特点，对矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益计量的具体指标进行了筛选。通过研究，选出涵养水源、净化大气、生物多样性保护、保持水土、游憩效益5个具体效益价值计量指标，为今后矿区废弃地植被恢复中森林生态效益价值的计量研究提供借鉴。     

生态补偿使福建碧水长流

福建省日前决定,从今年起开始实施江河下游地区对上游地区的森林生态效益补偿制度。有关专家认为,区域性生态补偿机制的实施,有望进一步调动上游地区保护生态的积极性,使森林质量稳步提高,水土流失得到有效遏制,生态环境脆弱地段的森林植被逐步恢复。     

基于知识图谱的森林生态补偿文献计量分析

运用科学知识图谱工具CiteSpace5.8对1992—2021年中国知网(CNKI)数据库中CSSCI、CSCD及中文核心期刊要目总览收录的279篇森林生态补偿研究文献进行梳理，剖析核心作者与研究机构合作现状、主题演进、历史热点与未来研究方向。研究发现：(1)核心作者与机构对森林生态补偿的研究做出重要贡献，但合作强度较低。(2)主题演进中，森林生态补偿研究历经“探索—成长—成熟”发展阶段，生态补偿构成要素内涵、生态补偿必要性与急迫性、生态效益核算、生态补偿制度优化路径及生态补偿与减贫效果等研究主题相继出现，也依次出现森林资源、问题与建议、生态资本、森林碳汇、市场化森林生态补偿、补偿标准等研究热点。(3)未来可从森林生态补偿市场化实现路径、多元化森林生态补偿方式、差异化与动态化补偿标准调整机制、内生发展动力等4个方面展开进一步研究，为完善森林生态产品价值实现机制，全面实现中国碳达峰、碳中和目标提供更为丰富的理论参考。     

新疆天山北坡云杉林水文特征的探讨

引言随着科学的进步、工农业生产的发展和人民物质文化生活水平的不断提高,森林在人类生存和生产中的多种功能,无论从理论上或实践中都愈来愈多地为社会所认识和重视。在它的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益中,尤其突出了森林的生态效益。据悉在1987年国际环境会议上,各国生态学家对森林生态效益都作了精辟论述。如西德、芬兰的生态学家提出森林自身的直接经济效益(木材、林副产品等)为森林生态效益的1/3,美     

森林:生态协调的杠杆

自18世纪工业革命以来，人类社会的文明进程大大加快，科技迅猛发展，经济高速增长。但工业革命带来的并不都是福音，它在创造技术进步和现代文明的同时，也毁坏了人类赖于生存的生物圈，危害着生态平衡。当今世界森林锐减、沙漠蔓延、物种灭绝、水资源污染、酸雨肆虐、垃圾成灾、臭氧层破坏、温室效应加剧等等，一系列的环境和资源破坏问题正使人类面临空前的挑战。生态环境系统的范围可大可小，功能有强有弱，性质千差万别。其中，与人类的生活和生产渊源最长的，对生态环境的影响作用最大的自然生态系统，那就是森林。森林是生态协调的杠…     

山东森林植被的基本特点及其改造利用

山东是一个少林的省份,森林资源比较贫乏。由于山东开发历史早,人类活动频繁,原始的森林植被早已破坏殆尽,大部分地区被开垦为农田。建国30多年经过全省人民的努力,森林覆盖率已达到8.9％,但仍低于全国12.7％的水平,与世界森林覆盖率22％相比相差更远。而且,山东的森林目前多属幼、中龄林,其经济效益和生态效益都不高。因此,增加山东森林面积,合理改造和利用现有森林植被,对于山东省经济的发展和生态环境条件的改善都具有重要意义。     

我国森林限额采伐制度的完善

针对目前我国森林限额采伐制度存在的诸如采伐指标缺乏科学性,生态效益和经济效益难以兼顾,经营者林木处置权难以保障,执行难等现实困境,以中国林情分析为切入点,分析完善森林限额采伐制度的契机和动力,从困境根源着手,提出了完善林业税费制度、健全生态效益补偿机制、科学编制森林限额采伐、加强基层林业队伍建设、创新森林资源管理新方式以及强化森林资源监管力度等对策建议。     

生态产品价值实现的“一村万树”绿色期权模式

随着经济的不断发展，越来越多的国家和地区开始重视绿色高质量发展，对生态产品的研究也在不断加强。各种政策工具相继出现，致力于将自然给予的生态产品资本化，并赋能经济发展。其中，衢州市柯城区的“一村万树”项目就是一种具有创新性的生态产品价值实现模式。本文对衢州市柯城区“一村万树”项目及其绿色期权模式进行研究，结合部门统计数据和空间信息数据，对“一村万树”项目实施区2018年的生态效益进行核算，并选取柯城区2010—2018年相关社会经济统计数据进行相关性分析，探析项目的社会经济效益，最后在量化分析的基础上结合公共池塘资源治理的八条设计原则，定性分析了“一村万树”绿色期权的合理性。结果显示：“一村万树”实施区2018年的生态效益为124.63亿元，约为研究区国内生产总值估算值的1.68倍，说明该项目具有巨大的生态效益；同时，相关分析结果表明该项目实施对当地第三产业的发展有较大的促进作用。柯城区“一村万树”项目以及绿色期权模式给当地带来了巨大的生态和社会经济效益，为我国的乡村绿化建设和生态产品价值实现提供了一种新范式。     

森林资源可持续发展问题及对策

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,是维持生态平衡和改善生态环境的重要保障,是国民经济和社会发展的物质基础,在应对全球气候变化中发挥着不可替代的作用,并且有着巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。通过分析我国的森林资源结构、质量和区域分布,发现我国森林资源保护和发展工作中面临着诸如森林资源总量不足、质量偏低、破坏严重、火灾频繁等问题,提出了森林资源可持续发展要以科学发展观为指导,围绕建设生态文明,提高森林质量,增强森林功能。     

营造农田防护速生丰产林发展高产优质高效的生态林业

农田防护速生丰产林是本世纪８０年代初由林学专家提出的，它是采用速生丰产的栽培技术，对农田防护林进行培育，达到高产优质高效的前提下，实现生态、经济的目的。昌吉州在发展农田防护速生丰产林的生产、科研实践中已取得了显著效果。实践证明，只有把生态效益、经济效益结合起来，农田防护林的发展才容易被广大群众所接受。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Status and trends in EFlows in southern Africa

Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.