生态旅游的可持续性评价模型研究——以九寨沟景区为例

在生态环境脆弱区域开展旅游活动，其发展目标必须是可持续的。而生态旅游可持续性的标准因不同旅游区（点）或处在不同的时间段会产生差异，使用评价指标体系的方法可以反映出并弥补这种差异给可持续性评价带来的影响。以位于岷江上游的世界自然遗产地九寨沟景区为例，使用主观方法分析资源、社区和旅游三大利益相关者在生态旅游可持续性中的关系，建立生态旅游地可持续性评价模型的框架。使用德尔菲法确定相应的评价指标；通过对当地居民和旅游管理部门的访谈和旅游者问卷调查来探察利益相关者间的关系；根据访谈和调查结果对模型评价结果进行验证。研究以九寨沟景区为案例，评价模型的构建为生态旅游地的可持续性管理提供了一种主观与客观相结合的评价工具，并可以推广到其他景区。     

森林生态旅游业发展的利益协调机制

我国森林生态旅游业的发展对自然生态系统的扰动越来越明显。如何实现森林生态旅游业的可持续发展,正成为社会各界普遍关注的问题。本文首先指出,目前我国森林生态旅游业利益相关者的环保意识都不强,环保组织的能量远未达到足以制衡其他各方的程度,因此我国不存在所谓旅游开发与环境保护之间的博弈制衡局面。这就需要建立森林生态旅游产业发展的利益协调机制,以求能把相关各方的经济利益诉求与环境保护的大义切实有效地协调统一起来。进而本文论证:环境保护与获取经济效益并非绝对对立。只要树立起长远发展、永续享用的理念,旅游企业和游客也能成为环保的践行者。保护生态环境与旅游企业获取长远经济利益高度正相关,于是所谓森林生态旅游业的发展应兼顾经济效益与社会公益等价于森林旅游业者短期经济效益与长期经济利益。所谓森林生态旅游产业的可持续发展,也就是要求确保产业在每一个时点上的发展对自然生态的损害都不会减少旅游产业在未来的实际收入。亦即使得产业永续收益流的总现值达到最大。基于这种理念,本文采用动态博弈分析方法,论证了政府在促成森林生态旅游业可持续发展方面的决定性作用。认为必须由政府出面建立森林生态旅游业可持续发展的利益协调联盟。由该联盟确定行业发展的规模或速度,凝聚并强化利益相关各方注重行业发展长远利益的共识,健全监管制度,设置"一报还一报"式的奖罚制度,建立行业经营信息系统,达成完全信息、完美信息无限重复动态博弈的局面。最后本文建议由我国各地陆续组建起来的森林生态旅游协会具体承担起行业发展利益协调联盟的角色。     

生态旅游经济关系的二重性辨析

生态旅游经济关系是自然生态关系和社会经济关系的有机统一,两种关系并存于生态旅游经济复合系统中,成为生态旅游经济可持续发展的基础.但是,生态旅游经济关系在实践中出现了严重的变形,利益关系的冲突,正在使生态旅游经济越来越多地出现不和谐的现象,突破利益关系制约的瓶颈,重建和谐的生态旅游经济关系,正是解决生态危机的着眼点.因此,本文对生态旅游经济关系的二重性进行深入辨析,指出无论是生态旅游经济行为主体还是生态旅游经济过程,都具有自然生态属性和社会经济属性相统一的二重性,这些都决定了生态旅游经济关系二重性的协调统一.针对生态旅游经济关系在实践发展中的扭曲变形,只有变革传统经济学的发展观,以生态经济学和可持续发展经济学的理论为平台,对失调的生态旅游经济关系进行修正,还原生态旅游经济关系的本来面貌,即人与自然和谐、生态与经济协调、自然生态关系与社会经济关系统一的理想状态,才能实现生态旅游经济的可持续发展.     

长三角地区生态补偿利益相关者及其行为响应

生态补偿是调整利益相关者利益、维护生态系统服务功能的重要政策工具,政府付费项目是生态补偿的重要类型。基于长三角地区上海、苏州和湖州生态补偿实践的调查,运用利益相关者分析和比较分析方法,辨识地方政府付费型生态补偿利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异并揭示原因。按照影响力、参与度和经济利益性的不同,将生态补偿补偿利益相关者分为核心、次核心I、次核心II和边缘型。结果表明,三地实践中,市、县(区)政府是核心利益相关者,与我国地方政府权威具有一致性;现行补偿制度没有赋予乡镇和村等次核心利益相关者I讨价还价的资格,成为其在环境治理和民生改善项目上有限响应的法律约束条件;次核心利益相关者II(媒体、环保NGO、科研机构)虽然有主动响应的积极性,但参与度还不高;农户的利益相关者属性和类型因地而异,且农户、企业和社会公众的响应比较微弱。同时,不同利益相关者利益目标和属性亦存在冲突,不同地区利益相关者在监督与审计、制度调整以及环境治理和民生投入方面的响应也不完全一致。利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异,与生态补偿制度安排、当地经济社会发展和地方政府偏好等深层次原因紧密相关,这也是今后我国地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计需要重视的问题。随着我国生态补偿制度的不断发展,基于利益相关者视角,地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计,应注重增加利益相关者的满意度和公众参与度,注重生态补偿制度安排与当地经济社会发展的协调融合。     

自组织生态产业链社会网络分析及治理策略——基于利益相关者的视角

突破传统的企业共生关系视角,从利益相关者角度审视自组织生态产业链网络结构和治理问题。根据企业共生关系性质,自组织生态产业链分为多元化共生模式和一体化共生模式两种不同类型,并进行比较分析。其中,多元共生模式下的企业间共生关系以契约关系为主,而一体共生模式的企业间的共生链接关系主要为产权关系。基于利益相关者理论,提出了生态产业链利益相关者共同体关系和共同治理思想,构建了自组织生态产业链社会网络模型,包括核心网络层、支持网络层和环境网络层三个层次。基于社会网络分析方法,对卡伦堡生态产业链和贵糖集团生态产业链进行比较研究。研究表明,与贵糖生态产业链相比,卡伦堡生态产业链的利益相关者之间合作较多,联系紧密,存在较多的资源传递渠道,且利益相关者之间具有较高异质性。基于典型案例分析,认为在生态产业链利益相关者治理方面,应采取增强网络密度,降低网络中心势和核心成员集中度,增加重要利益相关者的中心度,占据网络结构洞位置,组织合作联盟等治理策略。     

生态旅游经济异化的生态反思

在生态旅游经济得到繁荣发展的同时,正在悄悄出现的生态危机也成为人们必须正视的现实,如果不采取适当的措施加以遏制和消除.将会引发严重的经济危机和社会危机,危害生态旅游经济的可持续发展,造成生态旅游经济的异化.本文探讨了生态旅游经济发展中存在的异化现象,并对此进行了理论反思和现实反思,指出导致生态旅游经济异化的生态危机,其实质是生态旅游经济关系的危机,思想根源则在于受传统西方经济学影响的经济发展模式和经营管理实践.在现实中,更因经济关系超越生态关系、利益主体的矛盾及发展的外在压力导致生态旅游经济关系不协调、不和谐、不可持续.要解决生态旅游经济的异化现象,缓解和消除生态危机,可以从三方面入手:构建和谐的生态旅游经济关系,构建内生化的生态旅游经济发展模式,构建协调的生态旅游经济管理体系.     

供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析

面对环境污染,供应链环境成本内部化是解决环境问题的重要途径。为明晰供应链环境成本内部化的过程机理,选取中央政府、地方政府、集成供应链系统和消费者为主要利益相关者,基于对主要利益相关者环境价值诉求的识别及行为策略分析,构建了中央政府、地方政府、供应链三方动态博弈模型,并考虑消费者的行为策略对三方博弈的影响。运用三方动态博弈模型解析了供应链环境成本内部化各博弈方的博弈均衡策略以及各利益相关者行为选择之间的相互影响关系。结果显示,个体利益相关者的行为策略会受到其他利益相关者的影响,为保障供应链环境成本内部化的顺利实施,各利益相关者应协同合作。通过对供应链环境成本内部化协同机理的探讨,提出了促进供应链环境成本内部化实施的对策建议,即中央政府应发挥政策导向作用、地方政府应发挥监督主体作用、企业应发挥投资主体作用、消费者应发挥监督推动作用。     

城市再生资源利益相关者满意度评价模型及实证

城市再生资源的利用已成为世界各国谋求可持续发展的重要课题,而如何使城市再生资源利益相关者在其处理流程中达到各自的最大满意程度是实现其有效利用的重要途径,因此本文对城市再生资源利益相关者满意度进行了深入研究。本文首先构建了城市再生资源利益相关者满意度的评价指标体系,并且用G1法与熵值法的组合方式确定了指标体系的权重,然后以模糊数学原理为基础构建了利益相关者满意度的综合评价模型,对大连的城市再生资源利益相关者满意度进行了实证研究。结果显示,模糊综合评价适合城市再生资源利益相关者满意度的评价,而且评价结果与实际相符合。大连市六个方面的城市再生资源利益相关者满意度排序依次为:政府、社区、回收企业、加工企业、科研机构、消费者,同时也对满意度的结果进行了分析,找出了大连在发展中存在的问题,并提出了相应的发展策略,最后对评价模型的运用进行了总结。     

城中村改造利益相关方的利益均衡分析

研究目的:探究城中村改造利益相关者的利益均衡,并以南京市为例进行实证分析。研究方法:利益相关者理论和博弈理论。研究结果:通过探讨城中村改造中政府、集体经济组织和村民、开发商的利益诉求和博弈关系,构建博弈模型对三者的利益均衡关系进行分析,认为经济效益是政府、开发商、村集体经济组织和村民的矛盾焦点,规划容积率是三方利益均衡的关键因素。研究结论:要加快城中村改造进程,政府要科学地制定城中村改造政策,引导村集体和村民自觉参与改造,吸引开发商主动参与改造,均衡参与改造的各方利益,实现各方的合理利益。     

基于利益相关者理论的企业环境绩效影响因素研究

基于利益相关者理论,通过构建企业环境绩效与企业受到各利益相关者环境压力的计量模型,并在江苏常熟地区展开问卷调查,分析了影响企业环境绩效的利益相关者,结果表明:在该实证区域,以主动性环境管理行为度量企业环境绩效时,投资者、竞争者、消费者和社区居民等外部利益相关者对企业环境绩效的提高有显著的正影响;政府虽然给企业造成了很高的环境压力,但并不是造成企业之间环境绩效差异的原因;媒体和环保非政府组织等外部利益相关者作用尚不明显.结论说明:我国政府通过引入利益相关者参与企业环境治理,已经取得一定成效.建议我国政府继续推动环境政策创新,积极创造更多利益相关者成长的制度空间,为我国企业环境绩效的提高提供更多动力.     

生态文明视角下的江苏沿海生态旅游竞合研究

生态旅游是生态文明的重要载体，生态文明理念为生态旅游的健康发展提供了科学的行动指南。江苏沿海包括连云港、盐城和南通三市，生态旅游资源丰富，但三市在生态旅游发展中，竞争有余，合作不足, 致使三市生态旅游资源的整体优势未能得到充分发挥。在分析江苏沿海加强生态旅游竞合的必要性与可行性的基础上，提出了三市应以生态文明为指导，积极开展区域生态旅游竞合，具体措施包括：做好统一规划，打造沿海生态旅游区；创新生态旅游产品，联合开发精品生态旅游线路；加强生态旅游合作营销；改善旅游交通和服务；完善合作的制度化机制，构建“市场主导、政府推动、企业主体、社区参与”多主体共同参与的格局；联合加强生态教育，共同治理和改善生态环境等     

Coincidence and Upgrade： A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism .     

生态旅游区环境变化与可持续旅游发展——以张家界为例

生态旅游区在扩大接待能力，增加旅游注入的同时，不可避免地破坏了景区生态环境。既要接持更多的过夜游客，增加旅游收入，又要使旅游区生态系统维持在安全的水平上，开发建设规模多大为宜，这是许多生态旅游区亟待解决的问题。本文提出了基于环境脆弱因子的建设规模容限值计量模型，并在典型的生态旅游区张家界进行了验证。通过计算得出了在不同的建设规模条件下，张家界景区最为脆弱的环境因子-总磷含量的变化状态。实证研究表明，宾馆规模容限值模型是分析生态旅游区环境变化可持续发展的有效工具。     

Coincidence and Upgrade: A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

Abstract

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism.     

Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences from Costa Rica

This article reflects on the Costa Rican experiences with ecotourism by assessing the positive and negative environmental, economic and social impacts of ecotourism development at four tourist destinations—Manuel Antonio, Monteverde, Tortuguero and ASCOMAFOR. These destinations represent different stages of tourism development. The assessment shows that the development of ecotourism has a dilemma character. Compared to alternative land-use options, ecotourism remains a promising development strategy. However, it should be embedded in a broader process of capacity building.     

生态旅游本土化问题研究

如何在接受西方生态旅游新观念的同时；又保持自己的本土特色,是值得我们认真关注的一个课题。生态价值观是人类如何看待同自然关系的一种整体意识，中西方生态价值观在历史进程中表现出相异的特点：西方主张人地分立．中国力求“天人合一”，但这一特点在当代又有所变异.受此影响，西方生态旅游资源强调其自然属性．而中国则以自然和人文融合的旅游资源为基础。因此．西方生态旅游市场呈现出一元特征，而中国则必须同时考虑市场的消费和培育双重功能,构造高端和大众二元结构的市场。大众生态旅游是现阶段朝向西方式严格生态旅游的一个有益过渡.注重本土化色彩的生态旅游认证体系的推行，生态旅游区的建设，以及生态旅游产品的开发是发展中国生态旅游的当务之急.     

Evaluation of ecotourism development in rural regions of China

The current status of ecotourism in rural China was analyzed in this paper.Empirical surveys covering the whole country indicate that ecotourism in rural China has attracted a large number of tourists who,however,didn’t generate revenues that can match the number.Although the environmental quality of those rural ecotourism destinations is high with little negative impacts,several problems have already appeared,suggesting a need to monitor those areas.The current practice of interpretation in most rural ecotourism destinations did not provide environmental education opportunities to the tourists.And local communities need more effective ways to decide on the prospects of local ecotourism development by themselves.Finally,a few recommendations for improving the sustainability of ecotourism destinations were provided.     

Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.     

An assessment of the attitudes of the inhabitants of Northern Karpathos, Greece: towards a framework for ecotourism development in environmentally sensitive areas

This paper is a case study that sets out to explore the extent to which the local residents of the region of Northern Karpathos and Saria in the southeast corner of the Aegean have positive attitudes and perceptions towards ecotourism ventures for sustainable development. The area is included in the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 and was chosen for studying since it constitutes an ideal location for the promotion of soft and alternative forms of tourism. The investigation of the attitudes of the inhabitants of the Community of Olympos, in Northern Karpathos was carried out using as research tool a questionnaire that was drawn up specifically for the needs of the present work. The attempt to provide a systematic way of studying the inhabitants’ attitudes led to the proposition of a framework that contains the necessary conditions for sustainable ecotourism development. This is based on three fundamental factors, namely: (a) environmental conservation, (b) environmental education and (c) empowerment of local community. The main conclusion drawn was that the perceptions of the local people accord with the basic principles of ecotourism. Residents (a) showed a high degree of awareness and sensitivity regarding environmental conservation issues in the area, (b) recognised the need for environmental education concerning ecotourism activities and (c) had a favourable attitude towards the implementation of initiatives in the ecotourism field aimed at their empowerment and at promoting sustainable development in the area. The participants’ place of permanent residence and level of education appeared to influence significantly their perceptions of this alternative form of tourism.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China＇s Wuzhishan Mountain Region

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper＇s purpose. Finally, recommendations axe pre-sented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.