Factors influencing Aerosol Characteristics over Urban Environment

Atmospheric aerosols are an important contributing factor to turbidity in urban areas besides having impact on health. Aerosol characteristics show a high degree of variability in space and time as anthropogenic share of total aerosol loading is quite substantial and is essential to monitor the aerosol features over long time scales. In the present study extensive observations of columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD), total columnar ozone (TCO) and precipitable water content (PWC) have been carried over a tropical urban city of Hyderabad, India. Significant variations of AOD have been observed during course of the day with low values of AOD during morning and evening hours and high values during afternoon hours. Spectral variation of AOD exhibits high AOD at smaller wavelengths and vice versa except a slight enhancement in AOD at 500 nm. Anomalies in AOD, particulate matter and black carbon concentrations have been observed during May, 2003. Back trajectory analysis of air mass during these episodes suggested variation in air mass trajectories. Analysis of the results suggests that air trajectories from land region north of study area cause high loading of atmospheric aerosols. The results are discussed in the paper.     

乌鲁木齐冬季大气混浊度系数与光气候

本文利用30年的气候资料分析了乌鲁木齐冬季光气候与大气混浊度之间的关系,指出了大气混浊度的增加是造成辐射总照度下降的主要原因.     

生物砂滤池对有机物和氨氮的去除

当在常规工艺前加生物预处理并取消预加氯时,砂滤池就成为生物砂滤池。与普通砂滤池相比其对有机物、氨氮和浊度的去除率都有很大的提高。实验以珠江源水为水源研究了生物砂滤池对高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、NO2--N和浊度的去除,在实验期间生物砂滤池出水高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、浊度平均值分别为1.32mg/L、0.098mg/L、0.171NTU,其相对于沉淀池出水的高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、浊度的平均去除率分别为18.52%、72.93%、64.45%,而砂滤池出水NO2--N几乎检测不出来。滤池进水与出水溶解氧的变化也证明了砂滤池中生物的存在,并且生长状况良好。     

活性硅酸聚合硫酸铁的研究

以硅酸钠，硫酸和聚合硫酸铁为原料制备活性硅酸合硫酸铁，测定了ＡＳＰＦＳ红外光谱，了Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比和水样ＰＨ值等因素对产品和除浊效果的影响当Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比为１．５时产品稳定性和除浊效果均较好。     

阳离子型聚合物对低温低浊水的絮凝效果与形态学特性

采用微絮凝-深床直接过滤工艺,以西安市曲江水厂低温低浊水质为原水(水温低于10 ℃,初始浊度低于10NTU),投加阳离子型聚合物(简称CP)作主混凝剂或助凝剂,借助分形数学理论与图像分析技术,对滤料粒径、原水浊度、原水温度、药剂种类、聚合物分子量及投加量、混合强度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,分析探讨了不同药剂处理低温低浊水的作用机理、絮凝形态学特征以及絮体结构的分形特性.结果表明,①当温度低于4 ℃、初始浊度小于4NTU时,不宜单独采用Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂;当温度为4～10 ℃、初始浊度小于10NTU时,如果只投加Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂,宜用细砂滤料过滤;低温低浊条件下,无机混凝剂形成的絮体粒径小、结构松散脆弱、有效质量密度低、沉速慢,但表征絮体分形特性的分维值较高.②CP作絮凝剂能显著改善低温低浊水的絮凝效果与过滤性能,但混合强度需增大,宜用粗砂滤料过滤;③单独用CP作絮凝剂时,宜投加分子量较低的弱阳性聚合物或投加低剂量较高分子量的强阳性聚合物;CP用作助凝剂时,能显著减少主混凝剂用量,但宜投加强阳性聚合物或增加弱阳性聚合物的剂量.④CP兼备电性中和与吸附架桥絮凝作用,能形成粒径较大、吸附性能与过滤性能良好的网状絮体构型,其有效质量密度高,产生的污泥量少,污泥沉降速度快,脱水效果好,但分维值低.⑤各种水处理药剂的处理效果为:Al2(SO4)3(或PAC) CP＞CP＞PAC＞Al2(SO4)3,这种差别由絮体的形态学特性与构型特征各异引起.     

Turnover mechanisms of organic conformation on turbidity in drinking water

The turbidity variation in artificial water and samples from a water plant was investigated in the presence of organics with different relative molecular mass. The results show that recessive turbidity existed when water chemical conditions were changing. The formation of turbidity depended on organic relative molecular mass and their conformations on particles. At higher pH and lower ionic strength, the organic chains with a more extended conformation resulted in rising turbidity of the suspension. At lower pH, the reconformation of organics took place due to charge neutralization by the proton, resulting in a decline in turbidity. The addition of NaCl and MgCl₂ at pH 7.00 also resulted in a decrease of turbidity in the suspension. It is believed that the occurrence of recessive turbidity has a significant influence on the stability of water supply quality.     

电凝聚处理轧制乳化废水的研究

用电凝聚法处理轧制乳化废水,探讨了影响破乳的各种因素,确定了最佳处理条件。研究结果表明:该法处理轧制乳化废水的效果很好,浊度去除率可达99.6%,COD去除率达99.5%。此外,还发现电凝聚法的处理效果优于药剂絮凝法。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF INORGANIC PARTICLES IN SELECTED RESERVOIRS AND TRIBUTARIES OF THE NEW YORK CITY WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT: Individual particle analysis (IPA) by scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and X‐ray analyses was used to characterize inorganic particles in five reservoirs and four tributaries located within the Catskill and Delaware systems of the New York City water supply. Individual particle analysis provides combined elemental and morphologic characterizations. Results are presented in terms of particle projected area per unit volume (PAV), consistent with optical impacts, and partitioned into seven generic particle types according to composition. Minerals of terrigenous origins, particularly clay minerals, dominated the inorganic particle populations of all the study systems except one downstream reservoir. Higher PAV levels were observed in the Catskill system. Particle dynamics represented by PAV were driven primarily by runoff, while the reservoirs were also greatly influenced by the timing of sediment resuspension promoted by drawdown of the surface and fall mixing. The benefit of the serial configuration of the reservoirs in decreasing inorganic particles with progression downstream towards the city is demonstrated. The patterns in PAV levels among the study systems generally tracked those of more common metrics of impacts of suspensoids, including mass concentrations of suspended solids, turbidity, and Secchi disc transparency.     

Conservation implications of anthropogenic impacts on visual communication and camouflage

Anthropogenic environmental impacts can disrupt the sensory environment of animals and affect important processes from mate choice to predator avoidance. Currently, these effects are best understood for auditory and chemosensory modalities, and recent reviews highlight their importance for conservation. We examined how anthropogenic changes to the visual environment (ambient light, transmission, and backgrounds) affect visual communication and camouflage and considered the implications of these effects for conservation. Human changes to the visual environment can increase predation risk by affecting camouflage effectiveness, lead to maladaptive patterns of mate choice, and disrupt mutualistic interactions between pollinators and plants. Implications for conservation are particularly evident for disrupted camouflage due to its tight links with survival. The conservation importance of impaired visual communication is less documented. The effects of anthropogenic changes on visual communication and camouflage may be severe when they affect critical processes such as pollination or species recognition. However, when impaired mate choice does not lead to hybridization, the conservation consequences are less clear. We suggest that the demographic effects of human impacts on visual communication and camouflage will be particularly strong when human‐induced modifications to the visual environment are evolutionarily novel (i.e., very different from natural variation); affected species and populations have low levels of intraspecific (genotypic and phenotypic) variation and behavioral, sensory, or physiological plasticity; and the processes affected are directly related to survival (camouflage), species recognition, or number of offspring produced, rather than offspring quality or attractiveness. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic effects on the visual environment may be of similar importance relative to conservation as anthropogenic effects on other sensory modalities.     

两种新型涂铁改性砂的过滤性能及反冲洗条件研究

以两种新型涂铁改性石英砂(纳米氧化铁改性砂,Nano-OCS;氧化铁改性砂,IOCS)及普通石英砂(RQS)为研究对象,考察了两种新型改性砂对沉后水腐殖酸及浊度的直接过滤效果,对其反冲洗条件进行优化研究,并对3种滤料的过滤效果进行了比较.结果表明,1滤层厚度为45 cm时,最佳滤速为6 m·h-1;3种滤料对腐殖酸和浊度的直接过滤效果依次为:Nano-OCSIOCSRQS,其中两种涂铁砂对腐殖酸的去除率分别为71.70%和61.61%;2Nano-OCS和IOCS滤柱的反冲洗流程分4步,对应的流程及最佳操作条件为:首先,用0.5 mol·L-1NaOH的溶液浸泡,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,气冲时间6 min;然后,用0.075 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液与空气同时反冲洗,NaOH溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间3 min;接着用0.015 mol·L-1的FeCl3溶液与空气同时反冲洗,FeCl3溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间2 min;最后,用清水冲洗,冲洗强度8 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间4 min.两种涂铁砂反冲洗前后表面形态结构更加复杂、粗糙度增加,对腐殖酸去除率进一步提高.3当滤层厚度由45 cm增加到80 cm时,Nano-OCS对腐殖酸直接过滤的最高去除率由74.6%提高至80.3%,平均去除率由57.9%提高至68.5%.