黄河源区鄂陵湖中多环芳烃的百年沉积记录

为研究黄河源区多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染历史,于2016年7月在鄂陵湖中采集了沉积物柱芯,采用²¹⁰Pb定年,利用气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱仪（GC-MS/MS）分析了16种PAHs,运用有序聚类分析对PAHs的垂向分布进行分带,并采取主成分分析及多元线性回归定量分析了PAHs的来源.结果表明,鄂陵湖沉积柱的沉积速率为0.176cm/a,慢于青藏高原多数湖泊.总PAHs的含量为11.3~54.7ng/g,平均值为29.2ng/g,与其他高原和偏远地区湖泊沉积物相比,处于较低水平,可被视为PAHs的全球沉积物背景值.PAHs的垂向变化分为1948年以前、1948~1976和1976~2016年3个时间段,5~6环PAHs在1948~2016年间呈上升趋势,与青海省人口及大型牲畜数量显著相关,反映了鄂陵湖地区近70a来的人类活动以农牧业为主.PAHs来源分为本地源（23%）以及长距离迁移与本地混合源（77%）.本地源的垂向变化与5~6环PAHs一致,代表了青藏高原地区以牛粪饼为主要燃料的生物质燃烧源.     

农村生活污水处理设施优先控制区域识别与监管策略

选取嘉兴市秀洲区和海宁市为研究对象,以乡镇区划为研究单元,采用综合源强估算法和GIS软件,对处理设施的氨氮（NH₃-N）、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（COD）排放强度进行定量估算和空间分析.结果表明,秀洲区处理设施的NH₃-N和COD排放强度高于海宁市,而TP排放强度与海宁市差不多.秀洲区内,洪合镇各污染物的排放强度均最高;海宁市内,盐官镇NH₃-N排放强度最高,许村镇TP和COD排放强度最高.采用因子分析法和加权指数法计算排污权重,再结合生态敏感性评价和环境功能区划,筛选出运维和监管优先控制区.秀洲区内,洪合镇、王江泾镇、油车港镇被划分为优先控制区,该优先控制区内处理设施数量占比27.87%,排污权重占比72.42%,通过重点监管17.66%的设施,可监管秀洲区59.98%的污染物排放.海宁市内,长安镇、许村镇、海洲街道、盐官镇、袁花镇被划分为优先控制区,该优先控制区内设施数量占比69.10%,排污权重占比71.23%,通过重点监管16.85%的设施,可监管海宁市43.54%的污染物排放.研究结果可为提高设施的运维监管效率提供技术支撑.     

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxide-modified biochar composite (MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity, enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%, as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36?g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1?L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic- and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3?g dose of MBC that is 0.12?g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

The simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from surface water by MeOx: Side effect of ammonium presence on manganese removal

Manganese and ammonium pollution in surface water sources has become a serious issue.In this study, a pilot-scale filtration system was used to investigate the effect of ammonium on manganese removal during the simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from surface water using a manganese co-oxide filter film(MeO_x ). The results showed that the manganese removal efficiency of MeO_x in the absence of ammonium was high and stable, and the removal efficiency could reach 70% even at 5.5 °C. When the influent ammonium concentration was lower than 0.7 mg/L, ammonium and manganese could be removed simultaneously. However, at an ammonium concentration of 1.5 mg/L, the manganese removal efficiency of the filter gradually decreased with time(from 96% to 46.20%). Nevertheless, there was no impact of manganese on ammonium removal. The mechanism by which ammonium negatively affected manganese removal was investigated, demonstrating that ammonium affected manganese removal mainly through two possible mechanisms. On one hand, the decreased p H caused by ammonium oxidation was unfavorable for the oxidation of manganese by MeO_x ; on the other hand, the presence of ammonium slowed the growth of new MeO_x and retarded the increase in the specific surface area of the Me Ox-coated sand, and induced changes in the morphology and crystal structure of Me Ox. Consequently, the manganese removal efficiency of the filter decreased when ammonium was present in the inlet water.     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

Temporal variability of visibility and its parameterizations in Ningbo, China

Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.     

典型肥料生产场地氨氮分布特征及风险控制目标确定

为探究肥料生产场地的NH₃-N（氨氮）分布特征及环境风险,以我国某肥料生产场地为研究对象,在场地调查基础上,对场地土壤和地下水NH₃-N的空间分布进行分析,并以人体健康和场地地下水为保护对象分别讨论了土壤NH₃-N风险控制目标值的计算方法.结果表明:①目标场地土壤中w（NH₃-N）为0.03~15 000 mg/kg,水平方向上高值区集中分布于核心生产区及原辅料堆场,垂向上总体表现为由上至下随深度增加呈先逐步升高后降低的趋势,并且富集于人工填土与原状粉质黏土交界处,粉质黏土阻碍NH₃-N向下迁移,并随地层结构变化其迁移深度不同.②场地上层滞水和潜水中ρ（NH₃-N）分别为19.10~3 320和0.03~219 mg/L,超标率分别为100%和57.89%,并且地下水与土壤的NH₃-N在水平空间分布上具有重叠特征.③因NH₃-N主要通过呼吸吸入挥发性气体产生暴露,并且仅有经呼吸暴露的毒性参数,故采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》中经呼吸暴露途径的非致癌效应风险控制值计算模型来计算土壤NH₃-N的控制目标,通过代入场地实测土壤K_d（土-水分配系数）,得到居住用地下的土壤NH₃-N控制目标值为9 195 mg/kg;若考虑保护地下水水质安全,据三相或两相平衡模型耦合NH₃-N在包气带衰减和地下水稀释作用,当目标场地地表无积水的入渗条件下得到的控制目标值为6 203 mg/kg;当地层从上至下呈饱和含水条件时,土壤NH₃-N控制目标为811 mg/kg.计算值可用作不同场地进行土壤NH₃-N风险管控的参考目标,实际应用中可结合不同地块环境条件、不同受体和保护目标,选择相应的风险控制值对场地进行风险管控.此外,土壤和地下水的NH₃-N污染控制均可考虑采用工程措施和制度控制来进行.