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71.
Gleason SM Faucette DT Toyofuku MM Torres CA Bagley CF 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):1016-1024
Acting under the auspices of the US Endangered Species Act, we quantified wind erosion and its effects on rare and common
plant species on a semi-arid military installation in Hawaii. Our goal was to develop management strategies, based on local
data, to aid the conservation of rare and common indigenous plants and their habitats. We collected windblown soil coming
off of roads and other disturbed soils to assess likely impacts to plants occurring at certain heights and distances from
disturbed surfaces. We then subjected plants in a glasshouse to windblown dust treatments, designed from our field data to
simulate erosion events, and evaluated the effect of these treatments on photosynthesis and survival. We also designed several
field experiments to examine the in-situ effects of windblown soil and soil substrate on germination, growth rate, and survival
of indigenous and nonindigenous plants. We conclude from these experiments that most direct effects of windblown soil to plants
can be effectively mitigated by locating roads and training areas at least 40 m from sensitive plant habitats and through
vegetation management to maintain at least 11% aerial cover on disturbed surfaces. Effects of soil type on germination, growth,
and survival was species-specific, emphasizing the importance of species trials prior to, or during, rehabilitation efforts. 相似文献
72.
A comparison of the efficiency of different surfactants for removal of crude oil from contaminated soils 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
This paper presents the results from study investigating the efficiency with which different surfactants remove crude oil from contaminated soil using a soil washing process. The surfactants studied were aqueous solutions of rhamnolipid, saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The efficiency of surfactants' removal was quantified and then GC/MS analysis conducted to investigate the distribution of hydrocarbons remaining on the washed soil samples compared to those on a control. The results showed that SDS removed the most crude oil from soil, followed by rhamnolipid and then saponin. However, the different surfactants showed preferences in terms of which crude oil components they removed from the contaminated soil. SDS removed more of the aliphatics than aromatic hydrocarbons whereas saponin removed the aromatic hydrocarbon preferentially to the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Clearly these results provide important information for the selection of surfactants used to remove crude oil from contaminated soils. 相似文献
73.
Angela M. Wallace Melanie V. Croft-White Jan Moryk 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7857-7875
Impacts of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems are intensifying as urban sprawl spreads across the global land base. The urban stream syndrome (USS) identifies “symptoms” associated with urban development including changes in biotic communities, hydrology, water chemistry, and channel morphology. Direct relationships between road density (as surrogate of urbanization) and indicators of the USS were identified for streams in the Toronto region. Significant negative relationships were revealed between road density and biological (fish and benthic macroinvertebrate) richness, diversity, and fish Index of Biotic Integrity scores. Significant positive relationships were found between road density and tolerant fish/benthic macroinvertbrates, benthos Family Biotic Index scores, mean summer stream temperature, stream flashiness, and several water quality variables. Analysis of biological data showed that only four fish species and a reduced number of benthic macroinvertebrate families remained at the most urbanized sites. Road density was found to be a major determinant in both the fish and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. 相似文献
74.
Marie E. DeLorenzo Sarah C. Wallace Loren E. Danese Thomas D. Baird 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):455-460
This study investigated the effects of increased temperature and salinity, two potential impacts of global climate change, on the toxicity of two common pesticides to the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Larval and adult grass shrimp were exposed to the fungicide chlorothalonil and the insecticide Scourge® under standard toxicity test conditions, a 10°C increase in temperature, a 10 ppt increase in salinity, and a combined increased temperature and salinity exposure. Toxicity of the fungicide chlorothalonil increased with temperature and salinity. Toxicity of the insecticide Scourge® also increased with temperature; while increased salinity reduced Scourge® toxicity, but only in adult shrimp. These findings suggest that changes in temperature and salinity may alter the toxicity of certain pesticides, and that the nature of the effect will depend on both the organism's life stage and the chemical contaminant. Standard toxicity bioassays may not be predictive of actual pesticide toxicity under variable environmental conditions, and testing under a wider range of exposure conditions could improve the accuracy of chemical risk assessments. 相似文献
75.
76.
Etyemezian V Ahonen S Nikolic D Gillies J Kuhns H Gillette D Veranth J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(9):1099-1111
This work was motivated by the need to better reconcile emission factors for fugitive dust with the amount of geologic material found on ambient filter samples. The deposition of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 microm (PM10), generated by travel over an unpaved road, over the first 100 m of transport downwind of the road was examined at Ft. Bliss, near El Paso, TX. The field conditions, typical for warm days in the arid southwestern United States, represented sparsely vegetated terrain under neutral to unstable atmospheric conditions. Emission fluxes of PM10 dust were obtained from towers downwind of the unpaved road at 7, 50, and 100 m. The horizontal flux measurements at the 7 m and 100 m towers indicated that PM10 deposition to the vegetation and ground was too small to measure. The data indicated, with 95% confidence, that the loss of PM10 between the source of emission at the unpaved road, represented by the 7 m tower, and a point 100 m downwind was less than 9.5%. A Gaussian model was used to simulate the plume. Values of the vertical standard deviation sigma(z) and the deposition velocity Vd were similar to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ISC3 model. For the field conditions, the model predicted that removal of PM10 unpaved road dust by deposition over the distance between the point of emission and 100 m downwind would be less than 5%. However, the model results also indicated that particles larger than 10 microm (aerodynamic diameter) would deposit more appreciably. The model was consistent with changes observed in size distributions between 7 m and 100 m downwind, which were measured with optical particle counters. The Gaussian model predictions were also compared with another study conducted over rough terrain and stable atmospheric conditions. Under such conditions, measured PM10 removal rates over 95 m of downwind transport were reported to be between 86% and 89%, whereas the Gaussian model predicted only a 30% removal. One explanation for the large discrepancy between measurements and model results was the possibility that under the conditions of the study, the dust plume was comparable in vertical extent to the roughness elements, thereby violating one of the model assumptions. Results of the field study reported here and the previous work over rough terrain bound the extent of particle deposition expected to occur under most unpaved road emission scenarios. 相似文献
77.
A Charnes W.W Cooper K.R Karwan W.A Wallace 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1979,6(3):244-274
This paper develops a model to aid Coast Guard managers in formulating appropriate policies with respect to planning for various types of equipment required to contain major pollution incidents. The model is elaborated in terms of three primary stages of response: offloading, containment, and removal. The zero order rule of chance constrained programming is used to obtain a deterministic equivalent of the original chance constrained model. This is then replaced by a goal programming formulation to allow for plans that come “as close as possible” to desired quality and risk levels for each pertinent region and type of incident. Numerical examples illustrate potential uses of the model with special emphasis on its value for budgetary (equipment) planning by central management that extends to evaluation of risk and performance quality levels, as well as the usual dual evaluator approaches for evaluating initially prescribed levels for equipment and their efficiency coefficients. 相似文献
78.
Sean?A.?WeaverEmail author Michael?C.?Morris 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2005,18(2):157-189
We present an annotated bibliography of peer reviewed scientific research highlighting the human health, animal welfare, and environmental risks associated with genetic modification. Risks associated with the expression of the transgenic material include concerns over resistance and non-target effects of crops expressing Bt toxins, consequences of herbicide use associated with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant plants, and transfer of gene expression from genetically modified crops through vertical and horizontal gene transfer. These risks are not connected to the technique of genetic modification as such, but would be present for any conventionally produced crops with the same heritable traits. In contrast, other risks are a direct consequence of the method used in gene manipulation. These come about because of the unstable nature of the transgene and vectors used to insert it, and because of unpredictable interactions between the transgene and the host genome. The debate over the release of genetically modified organisms is not merely a scientific one; it encompasses economics, law, ethics, and policy. Any discussion on these levels does, however, need to be informed by sound science. We hope that the scientific references provided here will provide a useful starting point for further debate. 相似文献
79.
Burger J Gochfeld M Jeitner C Gray M Shukla T Shukla S Burke S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):311-321
Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms,
including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized.
However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how
contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury
and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are
constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian
Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels
differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression
models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury,
and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability
were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese).
The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant
difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate
that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any
part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts.
In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year.
Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be
used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including
people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play
a role in a subsistence diets. 相似文献
80.
Dhakal Ram Li Xueshu Parkin Sean R. Lehmler Hans-Joachim 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(9):8905-8925
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants implicated in a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer and noncancer... 相似文献