基于实时交通信息的道路机动车动态排放清单模拟研究

以上海市为例开展了实际道路车流分布、行驶工况和车辆技术的实地调查,建立了道路车流、VSP分布和车辆技术数据库.在此基础上,基于实时的车流、车速等交通信息,构建了动态化的道路机动车污染物排放清单模拟方法,并开展了城区典型道路的机动车小时排放模拟案例研究.调查结果表明,上海市城区道路车流以轻型客车和出租车为主,分别占各时段车流总量的48%～72%和15%～43%;VSP分布与平均车速存在较好的规律,各车型VSP峰值随平均车速的上升向高负荷去移动,且峰值逐渐降低;当前上海市车辆以国2和国3车型为主,经过年检站调查结果的校正,国2和国3车型分别占各车型的11%～70%和17%～51%.模拟案例结果显示,道路机动车CO、VOC、NOx和PM日排放峰谷比可达3.7、4.6、9.6和19.8左右,CO和VOC排放主要来自轻型客车和出租车,与车流变化的相关性较好,而NOx和PM排放主要来自重型客车和公交车,且主要集中在早晚高峰时段.采用建立的动态排放模拟方法可实时反映实际道路的机动车排放变化,获取高排放路段和时段,为交通环境管理提供重要的技术手段和决策依据.     

剩余污泥中木质纤维素稳定并转化能源可行性分析

剩余污泥中往往含有大量木质纤维素物质,在厌氧消化过程中难以降解,最终被浓缩于熟污泥中,这就是导致污泥有机物稳定并转化能源效率低下的主要原因之一.本文分析了剩余污泥中木质纤维素的含量与来源;阐述了木质纤维素的结构特点以及对其生物降解的关键技术所在;揭示了污泥常规预处理与木质纤维素预处理存在工艺条件不同的相似技术.文章结合两种预处理技术的特点和工艺条件,从原理、技术等角度分析了通过强化剩余污泥预处理而同时达到破解木质纤维素的技术思路.为此,提出了将污泥细胞破碎与木质纤维素破解耦合的观点,以期将污泥中木质纤维素的稳定与能源转化合二为一,从而构建木质纤维素稳定化、能源化与碳减排三位一体的技术策略     

呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂工程设计

呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂近期建设规模1.0×104m3/d,远期总规模2.5×104m3/d。污水处理主体工艺采用组合式A2/O生化池+砂滤,污泥处理采用污泥贮池+带式浓缩脱水一体机,尾水采用液氯消毒,设计出水水质执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。介绍了该工程的工艺流程、设计参数,总结分析了工艺设计的技术特点。同时阐述了针对低温条件下的运行保障措施和要求,为寒冷地区同类污水处理厂的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

关于抑尘剂开发及其存在主要问题的探讨

基于化学抑尘剂与粉尘之间的润湿、粘结、凝聚作用机制,综述了近年来各类化学抑尘剂的合成技术及原理,概述了化学抑尘剂在矿山粉尘抑制中的应用现状,并对化学抑尘剂研究方向的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨。     

我国工业固体废物的产生特征及控制对策

工业固体废物是固体废物的重要组成部分。根据我国最近10年发布的工业固体废物统计数据,全面分析了我国工业固体废物的产生特点,研究了工业固体废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业固体废物区域和行业分布特点以及与工业产值的关系,并针对我国工业固体废物管理存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

全新世哈尼泥炭地碳积累速率及影响因素

本工作研究了全新世中国东北地区哈尼泥炭地的碳积累速率与气候变化的响应机制。综合多指标腐殖化度、有机碳含量、干容重和纤维素碳氧同位素重建了哈尼地区全新世气候变化历史,并且基于定年、有机碳含量和干容重得到碳积累速率数据。哈尼泥炭时间加权平均碳积累速率28.3gC/(m2·a)。B/A暖期后期温暖湿润气候有利于碳积累,出现碳积累高峰。相对寒冷的新仙女木期碳积累速率有所降低。温暖湿润早中全新世虽有高泥炭分解,但高初级生产力还是占据主导作用,出现高碳积累速率。期间有两次火山碎屑层扰动了泥炭发育,导致碳积累速率下降。高碳积累速率一直持续到4ka BP左右大暖期结束。4.0~1.6ka BP太平洋季风减弱,泥炭表面偏干,加之降温导致低初级生产力,最终导致此阶段碳积累速率显著降低。之后季风不断增强,碳积累速率也随之增加。八次IRD降温,小冰期和新仙女木降温在哈尼都是冷湿气候组合。冷湿气候虽使有机物分解降低,但更大程度的抑制了初级生产力发展,导致低碳积累速率。     

上市公司环境管理应注意的问题研究

随着公众环保意识的不断增强,上市公司环境行为日益受到关注,对上市公司的环境管理水平也提出了新要求。上市公司应配备专业环境管理队伍,完善并实施企业环境管理制度,在日常环境管理中应注意环境影响评价和“三同时”手续的办理,及时进行排污申报并办理排污许可证,制定并执行环境监测计划,保证环保设施稳定运行,确保污染物达标排放,妥善处理生产过程中产生的一般固废和危险废物,做好事故应急预案,避免出现环境污染事件,并根据相关要求开展清洁生产审核,进行环境信息公开。     

论排污权交易与清洁生产的关系

为解决在排污权交易的前提下,企业如何积极主动地实施清洁生产,处理好排污权交易与清洁生产的关系。在排污权交易对清洁生产激励效果分析的基础上,运用数据对比和类比的方法,论证出排污权交易对清洁生产实施提供了经济支持,清洁生产对排污权交易的实施提供了技术上的保证。这种互为动力、支撑的关系,构成一种良性循环模式,为企业正确处理经济发展和环境保护之间的关系,达到经济效益和环境效益的双赢提供了依据。