环境模型在风险评估中的应用

环境模型方法是化学品风险评估中经常使用的方法。环境模型可提供化学品的浓度、归趋和主要迁移转化途径等信息,目前已被广泛应用于各类环境系统中。本文对该方法使用的一般步骤进行介绍,并对我国的环境模型工作提出了几点建议。     

基于故障物理和数理统计相结合的可靠性加速试验方法

目的 研究通过加速试验在较短时间内对高可靠性、小子样电子产品的可靠性进行评估的方法.方法 分析可靠性加速试验方案的特点,梳理可靠性加速试验方案制定的基本流程,通过结合数理统计和故障物理技术,研究加速应力的确定方法和加速因子的计算模型,给出加速试验条件及试验时间的确定流程以及相应的试验结果评估方法,并进行案例应用.结果 该方法克服了常规可靠性加速试验方案设计中仅依靠经验并需要大样本量的缺点,科学有效地解决了高可靠性、小样本产品的可靠性加速试验方案设计问题,形成了电子设备基于故障物理和数理统计相结合的可靠性加速试验方案设计方法,经验证合理可行.结论 该试验方法能够满足当前可靠性要求高、进度紧、受试样品有限的武器装备研制的需求.     

2020年2月南宁市一次大气PM2.5污染成因分析

2020年1月31—2月2日新冠肺炎疫情期间,广西发生的一次区域性大气PM_2.5污染引发社会关注.以南宁市为例,利用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统（MARGA）、颗粒物激光雷达,结合地面气态污染物和气象数据卫星火点和后向轨迹等分析本次PM_2.5污染成因.依据空气质量分指数,将观测过程划分为优、良和污染3个时段.结果表明,污染时段与生物质焚烧相关的K⁺、Cl^-明显升高,K⁺、Cl^-平均浓度分别为优时段的3.6和17.0倍.3个时段8种水溶性离子总浓度占PM_2.5均在30%左右,3种二次水溶性离子浓度之和占8种离子总浓度的比例为83.33%~89.18%,二次无机组分占比高,与秸秆焚烧促进二次转化有关.二次水溶性离子浓度变化趋势与占比不一致,除了与秸秆燃烧排放特征有关,还与不同二次无机离子形成的机制及主要影响因素不同有关.秸秆焚烧火点集中分布在良时段的南宁市及周边城市,良时段秸秆露天焚烧直接排放大量颗粒物、气态污染物等,在污染时段边界层高度明显下降,湿度增加、静风等不利气象条件下积累,是造成疫情期间南宁市大气PM_2.5污染的主因.污染时段南宁市无明显的颗粒物垂直传输过程,近地面主要受到广东、广西北部湾偏南气流影响,区域污染传输小.     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

锑矿区人发中铋的污染状况

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）,对经过硝酸-高氯酸消解后的锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发样品中重金属铋（Bi）含量进行分析。结果表明,锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发中Bi的检出率分别为95.5%、22.7%,矿区居民人体头发中Bi含量显著高于作为对照的贵阳市居民人体头发中的Bi含量。锡矿山矿区男性和女性居民人发中Bi质量分数范围分别为0.0079～0.1842μg？g-1、0.0080～0.1403μg？g-1,平均值（中位数）分别为0.0480（0.0280）μg？g-1、0.0482（0.0397）μg？g-1,矿区较高的人发Bi含量主要集中在30～49岁的中年人群中。通过独立样本t检验发现,锡矿山矿区男性和女性发样中Bi含量差异不显著（p〉0.05）。研究结果说明锑矿开采和冶炼区域重金属Bi对人体健康的危害明显比非矿区严重。     

Methane/coal dust/air explosions and their suppression by solid particle suppressing agents in a large-scale experimental tube

Methane/coal dust/air explosions under strong ignition conditions have been studied in a 199 mm inner diameter and 30.8 m long horizontal tube. A fuel gas/air manifold assembly was used to introduce methane and air into the experimental tube, and an array of 44 equally spaced dust dispersion units was used to disperse coal dust particles into the tube. The methane/coal dust/air mixture was ignited by a 7 m long epoxypropane mist cloud explosion. A deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) was observed, and a self-sustained detonation wave characterized by the existence of a transverse wave was propagated in the methane/coal dust/air mixtures.The suppressing effects on methane/coal dust/air mixture explosions of three solid particle suppressing agents have been studied. Coal dust and the suppressing agent were injected into the experimental tube by the dust dispersion units. The length of the suppression was 14 m. The suppression agents examined in this study comprised ABC powder, SiO₂ powder, and rock dust powder (CaCO₃). Methane/coal dust/air explosions can be efficiently suppressed by the suppression agents characterized by the rapid decrease in overpressure and propagating velocity of the explosion waves.     

Towards Sustainable Integrated Watershed Ecosystem Management: A Case Study in Dingxi on the Loess Plateau, China

The Chinese government initiated a massive conservation program called “Grain-for-Green” in 1999 to reduce soil erosion and improve ecosystem function. Implementing practical sustainable development in the loess plateau still remains problematic, particularly in its eco-fragile areas. Here we discussed an approach for sustainable development at the watershed scale by integrating land use suitability, ecosystem services and public participation in the loess hilly area. We linked land use scenario analysis and economic modeling to compare the outcomes of three scenarios, CLU (Current Land Use), GOLU (Grain-production Oriented Land Use) and PSLU (Potential Sustainable Land Use). The results indicated that compared to PSLU, GOLU may provide a higher economic productivity in the short-term, but not in the long-term. CLU ranked lowest in terms of economic benefits and did not meet the daily needs of the local farmers. To reconcile the land use adjustments with farmers’ basic needs, a labor-saving land use strategy is necessary. Since the PSLU scenario assumes that slope cropland should be converted to pastures or orchards, more time may be available for off-farm work and for more public participation in integrated ecosystem management. Financial support to the local farmers for environmental conservation should be modulated in function of their positive contribution to ecosystem management.     

Characteristics of photocatalytic oxidation of toluene, benzene, and their mixture

The investigation of the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of multicomponent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is very important to the application of PCO technology, because there is seldom a single VOC component in indoor air. In this paper, the characteristics of binary indoor VOCs, toluene and benzene, were experimentally studied using a mass transfer based method that we developed. The concentration ranges for toluene and benzene were 4.48-27.4 mg/m3 and 1.82-4.08 mg/m3, respectively. We found the following: (1) the PCO of each individual contaminant studied obeys the unimolecular form of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) rate form; (2) the PCO of the binary contaminants follow the competitive adsorption L-H rate form; (3) the reaction-coefficient for PCO of individual contaminants differs from that in the competitive adsorption L-H rate form; and (4) the component impact factor of A to B, put forward in this paper, is a useful parameter describing the influence of A on the reaction coefficient of B, and it was found that the impact factor of toluene (a chemically active component) on benzene (a chemically stable component) is high, and the impact factor of benzene on toluene is low.     

南通龙王桥河沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物的研究

本研究对南通通甲河支流龙王桥河的表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)随时间的变化情况,AVS与同步浸提重金属(SEM)的关系,以及AVS与有机质(OM)的关系进行了一个月的监测。结果表明:①龙王桥河表层沉积物中AVS的平均含量为1700mg/kg,远高于其他河段,上覆水中AVS的含量达到1.0mg/L,污染严重;②归一法算得SEM/AVS1,沉积物中重金属主要以硫化物形式存在;③沉积物中OM含量与AVS有相关性,OM较高时AVS的含量也较高。     

西藏盐井地区盐泉同位素特征示踪研究

对西藏盐井地区盐泉、曲孜卡泉、地表水及重要地层进行了同位素测定和分析,结合区域地质构造条件、辅以水化学证据确定泉水的补径排模式。δD~δ18O规律指示出盐泉和温泉的补给类型的差异;用δ18O对泉水的补给区海拔高程进行恢复;泉水、岩样的δ13C~δ18O规律指示出盐泉流经的主要相关层位为上三叠统地层T3b~T3d;其排泄主要受到芒康-盐井复式向斜次级背斜核部的张性裂隙所控制。