气候变化对长三角臭氧污染影响的数值模拟研究

目的研究气候变化对污染物浓度的影响,进而了解其对环境空气质量的影响。方法利用WRF-Chem模拟2014年1月、7月(代表现在)和2050年1月、7月(未来)长三角地区的气象要素和空气质量的数据,研究气候变化对该区域臭氧浓度的影响。结果在夏季,未来(2050年7月)与现在相比(2014年7月),整个长三角区域的臭氧浓度变化幅度较小,约为-0.09×10~(-9),且呈现出北部增加,南部减少的趋势,在长三角北部的陆地地区,臭氧浓度增加达到极大值(15.0×10~(-9))。在冬季,与2014年1月的数据比较,未来(2050年1月)整个长三角地区臭氧比现在降低约7.9%,其中在上海以东洋面上减少达到极值(-25.1%)。结论在夏季,导致长三角北部地区臭氧浓度升高的主要原因是太阳辐射量的增加、VOC和NOx浓度的升高、边界层高度的降低以及增强南风的输送有关。长三角南部地区臭氧浓度的减少,主要原因是其太阳辐射的减少以及风速的增加。在冬季,在南通、上海以东洋面上臭氧减少的幅度较大,这与温度的降低、辐射的减少以及NOx浓度的增加有关。长三角南部区域的臭氧浓度有所增加,这与该区域太阳辐射的增加以及区域范围内的输送有关。在制定臭氧控制策略时,应该考虑未来气候变化的影响。     

1961～2015年贵州高原≥10℃积温时空变化特征

为揭示贵州高原≥10℃积温精细动态变化,以81个气象站点1961～2015年气温资料及地理信息数据为数据源,采用积温倾向率、累计距平、滑动T检验、小波分析、多元回归分析等统计方法,分析≥10℃的积温整体变化及周期变化,模拟各年代积温带空间变化。结果表明:(1) 1961～2015年≥10℃积温平均值为5 147. 22℃,1997年前后发生由冷到暖的突变,积温变化主周期约为3～5年,8年;(2) 1961～2015年、1961～1996年、1997～2015年≥10℃积温倾向率均值分别为49. 5℃/10a、-28. 1℃/10a、123. 5℃/10a,1961～1996年表现为降温趋势,1997～2015年表现为升温趋势,三个时间段积温倾向率均未通过显著性检验;(3)多元回归拟合≥10℃积温年代际空间分布,复相关系数均高于0. 92,积温空间分布呈现由西向东、由北向南升高的趋势;(4)不同年代际间积温带动态变化差异较大,1980s后约有60%以上区域表现为积温带Ⅱ升为积温带Ⅲ,积温带Ⅲ升为Ⅳ,1990s后降温区域消失。积温资源的增加对受高原气候限制的贵州高原有重要影响,对调整农业气候区划,确定作物种植区域以及最优化利用热量资源更具有针对性。     

HN-AD菌强化3D-RBC处理养猪废水及微生物特性研究

针对现有养猪废水处理工艺中普遍存在的高氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）生物毒性大、工艺流程长、运行成本高和脱氮效果差等问题,采用耐受性强的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘（3D-RBC）预处理养猪废水,仅需15d就完成了3D-RBC反应器的快速挂膜.采用调节盘片线速度和C/N的方式,仅65d实现了HN-AD菌在反应器中的富集及养猪废水预处理工艺的启动.采用该工艺对实际养猪废水进行处理,结果表明,HN-AD菌剂挂膜的3D-RBC工艺耐受高氨氮性能强,原水中COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除率高达69.8%、87.9%和79.5%,污染物削减效果明显优于传统工艺.采用高通量测序技术研究了功能菌优势化构建过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律,结果表明,生物膜内具有HN-AD功能的优势菌由盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）逐渐变为丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas）、嗜氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga）等,且后者的相对丰度逐渐上升.扫描电子显微镜结果显示,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,紧密附着在盘片上的生物膜层表面聚集了以杆状和球状为主的微生物,这与生物多样性分析得出的结论较一致.     

Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

京津冀地区居民采暖"煤改电"的大气污染物减排潜力与健康效益评估

散煤燃烧等低矮面源的排放对京津冀等地区采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）贡献较大,是重污染天气形成的重要原因之一.针对京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”治理工程,以2025年为目标年,以不做任何散煤治理工作为基准情景,同时设计2种不同的控制情景（控制情景1、控制情景2）,评估不同控制情景下“煤改电”带来的健康效益.通过综合考量民用散煤占燃煤消费量的比例、散煤PM_2.5排放强度,结合京津冀地区各城市PM_2.5源解析结果,确定民用散煤对大气环境ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献系数,计算空气质量改善情况.在此基础上,综合流行病学相关研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估方法,预测不同控制情景中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益.结果表明:①京津冀地区在控制情景1中ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别下降4.9、4.9和1.1 μg/m3,在控制情景2中分别下降5.4、5.6和2.0 μg/m3;②在控制情景1、控制情景2中京津冀地区居民采暖“煤改电”带来的健康效益分别为266.55×108和352.34×108元,分别约占京津冀地区2015年GDP的0.38%和0.51%.研究显示,通过实施”煤改电”,京津冀地区可实现的健康效益相当可观,其中,北京市获得的健康效益最大,其次是河北省和天津市.      

抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温及水质分布特征

为探究高原深水湖泊抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温水质空间特征及昼间变化规律,于2014年7月在抚仙湖南部、中部及北部各选取一个代表点位,开展了各点分层采样及北部点位昼间连续分层采样调查观测.结果表明:(1)抚仙湖夏季水温分布具有明显的深水湖泊成层期温度分布特征,表面至水深15 m为变温层,水温变幅25.51~22.81℃,15~40 m为温跃层,水温变幅22.81~14.72℃,40 m以下为等温层,水温变幅14.72~13.70℃.湖体表层与湖底层的最大温差为11.8℃,与温带湖泊同期相比温差较小,而湖底等温层水温为14℃左右,较温带湖泊为高,体现了抚仙湖高原深水湖泊自身的水温成层特征.(2)水温成层决定了湖体的化学成层与生态成层特征:pH、溶解氧(DO)及电导率均呈现出与水温分布相同的分层结构,值得关注的是湖底层DO浓度低至2~3 mg·L~(-1),作为贫营养湖泊,抚仙湖底层开始出现溶解氧偏低的现象昭示着其可能面临潜在的生态风险;总磷(TP)及总氮(TN)由于温跃层的阻隔,等温层呈现一定程度的营养盐累积效应;叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数也均与水温分层存在对应的响应关系,在湖体上层出现最大值.(3)抚仙湖热分层时期,水温分层存在昼间变化,中午光照辐射增强导致温跃层下潜,强度变大,厚度变窄,显著影响变温层和温跃层的pH、DO、电导率及叶绿素a等动态分布,TP、TN及高锰酸盐指数的昼间变化规律不显著.     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu和Pb的去除及富集特征

为实现页岩气钻井废水绿色环保无害化现场处理,选取页岩气井场附近的土著水生植物凤眼莲（Eichhorniacrassipes）、水花生（Alligator philoxeroides）、鱼腥草（Herbahouttuyniae）、狐尾草（Alopecuruspratensis）、菖蒲（Acoruscalamus）、雍菜（Swamp mrningglory）为试验植物,考察植物单一养殖与5种植物（凤眼莲、水花生、鱼腥草、狐尾草、菖蒲）组合作用时对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的去除率及生物富集特征.结果表明:凤眼莲对钻井废水中Cu的去除效率最高,达到83.04%,对Pb的去除效率达到88.89%,根部吸附重金属离子能力较强;鱼腥草对废水中Cu、Pb富集能力较强BCF（富集系数）达400以上,地上转运系数在0.5以上,Cu、Pb主要富集在茎叶;雍菜对页岩气钻井废水的毒性物质较为敏感,不易存活.水生植物组合养殖时,对废水中Cu、Pb的降解速率大于单一养殖,分别达到82.17%、88.03%.试验用土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的BCF均达到200以上.研究显示,通过土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中的Cu、Pb可以进行有效降解.