类二噁英多氯联苯生殖毒性的研究进展

类二噁英多氯联苯(DlPCBs)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,会干扰接触个体或其后代的内分泌功能,破坏机体的神经系统、免疫系统,尤其对生殖系统的影响最为明显,比如对生殖器官的形态与功能、生殖内分泌、原始生殖细胞及其受精和早期胚胎发育等产生严重影响,最终导致各种生殖系统疾病的发生。DlPCBs的蓄积性及半挥发性使其在环境中分布广泛,半衰期长的特点使其将对动物及人类的生存和健康造成难以想象的影响。本文综述了DlPCBs的分类与构成、一般性质、生殖毒性以及其可能的致病机理,并对DlPCBs生殖毒性机理研究的重点方向进行了展望。     

Chemical composition of precipitation and its sources in Hangzhou, China

To understand the origin and chemical characteristics of precipitation in Hangzhou, rainwater samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2008. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions (NH??, Ca2?, Mg2?, Na?, K?, SO?2?, NO??, F?, and Cl?). Acidification of precipitation in Hangzhou was serious with volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.5, while frequency of acid rain was 95%. The calculated SO?2?/NO?? ratio in Hangzhou precipitation was 2.87, which indicated that the precipitation of Hangzhou belonged to sulfate-based acid rain. The results of acid neutralization analysis showed that not all the acidity in the precipitation of Hangzhou was neutralized by alkaline constituents. The results of sea salt contribution analysis showed that nearly all SO?2?, Ca2?, and Mg2? and 33.7% of K? were of non-sea origins, while all Na? and Cl? and 66.3% of K? originated from sea sources. The principal component analysis which was used to analyze the sources of various ions indicated that chemical compositions of precipitation in Hangzhou mainly came from terrestrial sources, factory emissions, fuel wood burning, and marine sources.     

Characteristics of CO2 release from forest soil in the mountains near Beijing

CO₂ release from forest soil is a key driver of carbon cycling between the soil and atmosphere ecosystem. The rate of CO₂ released from soil was measured in three forest stands (in the mountainous region near Beijing, China) by the alkaline absorption method from 2004 to 2006. The rate of CO₂ released did not differ among the three stands. The CO₂ release rate ranged from ??341 to 1,193 mg m^???2 h^???1, and the mean value over all three forests and sampling times was 286 mg m^???2 h^???1. CO₂ release was positively correlated with soil water content and the soil temperature. Diurnally, CO₂ release was higher in the day than at night. Seasonally, CO₂ release was highest in early autumn and lowest in winter; in winter, negative values of CO₂ release suggested that CO₂ was absorbed by soil.     

Monitoring and identification of spatiotemporal landscape changes in multiple remote sensing images by using a stratified conditional Latin hypercube sampling approach and geostatistical simulation

This study develops a stratified conditional Latin hypercube sampling (scLHS) approach for multiple, remotely sensed, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images. The objective is to sample, monitor, and delineate spatiotemporal landscape changes, including spatial heterogeneity and variability, in a given area. The scLHS approach, which is based on the variance quadtree technique (VQT) and the conditional Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) method, selects samples in order to delineate landscape changes from multiple NDVI images. The images are then mapped for calibration and validation by using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with the scLHS selected samples. Spatial statistical results indicate that in terms of their statistical distribution, spatial distribution, and spatial variation, the statistics and variograms of the scLHS samples resemble those of multiple NDVI images more closely than those of cLHS and VQT samples. Moreover, the accuracy of simulated NDVI images based on SGS with scLHS samples is significantly better than that of simulated NDVI images based on SGS with cLHS samples and VQT samples, respectively. However, the proposed approach efficiently monitors the spatial characteristics of landscape changes, including the statistics, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of NDVI images. In addition, SGS with the scLHS samples effectively reproduces spatial patterns and landscape changes in multiple NDVI images.     

曝气复氧对底泥氮素生物地球化学循环影响的作用机制研究

通过分析底泥氮污染物释放规律和转化过程,以及底泥生境、氮形态变化和氮循环功能微生物群落结构变化的规律,探讨了不同曝气复氧条件影响底泥氮生物地球化学循环的生物代谢、物理化学联合作用的机制。结果表明：曝气复氧对底泥中氮的生物地球化学循环影响是一个包括微生物代谢作用和物理化学作用的复杂联合作用过程。水体好氧环境的改变主要引起参与底泥氮循环的硝化、亚硝化和反硝化功能菌群群落结构的演变,对异养菌和氨化菌的影响不大,证明环境好氧条件的改变对底泥有机质生物分解产生氨氮的微生物代谢过程影响不大,主要对底泥释放的氨氮硝化、反硝化等生物转化过程产生大的影响。不同溶解氧条件下,底泥释放的氮素在微生物作用下主要以NH4＋-N和NO3--N的形式进入试验体系,并在特定的氧化还原电位（临界值-200 mV）和pH（临界值6.70）条件下通过物理化学作用在底泥中以离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（CF-N）、铁锰氧化态氮（IMOF-N）及有机态和硫化物结合态氮（OSF-N）等不同形态氮相互转化,同时,在氮的转化和循环过程中部分输入上覆水体。在低溶解氧组实验条件下[ρ（DO）〈0.5 mg.L-1],底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的19.7%,主要为氨氮,最大释放速率达到289.13 mg.m-2.d-1,释放的质量浓度可达到18.8 mg.L-1;好氧条件下（DO饱和）,底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的1.8%;好氧-缺氧条件下为11.7%,主要以N2的形式释出系统。     

蚯蚓和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤五氯酚的影响

利用土壤五氯酚（PCP）污染模拟实验,研究两种不同生态型蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida和壮尾环毛蚓Amynthas robustus E.Perrie）和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤PCP的影响。在42 d培养期内,测试了不同处理下PCP质量分数、漆酶活性,以及土壤呼吸和微生物碳氮等微生物指标。结果表明：堆肥固定化漆酶降解土壤PCP的效果优于壳聚糖固定化漆酶和自由漆酶,主要原因是堆肥固定化漆酶能够有效地提高漆酶稳定性,减缓其活性下降速度。此外,堆肥还能提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,显著提升土壤漆酶的活性。添加两种生态型蚯蚓对漆酶活性影响不显著,但均可以显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,加速土壤中PCP的降解。壮尾环毛蚓对土壤微生物数量与活性的提升效果优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

常温布袋除尘器检漏报警系统的研究

由电荷感应式粉尘浓度传感器、可编程控制器(PLC)和计算机监控系统组成的常温布袋除尘器检漏报警系统,实现除尘系统的实时监控,减少因布袋穿漏带来的环境污染,延长布袋使用周期,从而降低滤袋的运营成本,进而提高了环境效益和经济效益.     

民航维修系统建立风险管理的探索

中国民航维修系统正在建立安全管理体系,本文介绍了风险管理目的、构建原则并举例说明风险管理的实施步骤。为中国民航维修系统建立风险管理进行了有益的探索。     

Operators’ signal-detection performance in video display unit monitoring tasks of the main control room

This study evaluated the operators’ signal-detection performance in video display unit (VDU) monitoring tasks of the main control room (MCR). So far the study of the relationship between VDU design strategy and human errors has been superficial. To validate the effect of VDUs design strategies on operating errors in the MCR, this present research adopted a within subject experimental design to develop different experimental treatments based on two types of display modes included consistent mode and mixed mode. A total of 13 undergraduate and graduate students were recruited as participants in the experiment. Dependent variables included situation awareness, reaction time, error frequency, and subjective performance. Some research support was found for the representation principles. The conclusions of this study could not only be implemented by the human-system interface (HSI) designers of a MCR in the advanced nuclear power plant (NPP) but also could be generalized to the extent that other digital workstation similar to the MCR.     

三苯基锡对热带爪蟾胚胎的致畸效应

用于船舶防污漆和农作物杀菌剂的三苯基锡(TPT)对淡水生态环境具有潜在的危害.用1 ～6 μgSn/L的TPT对热带爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)胚胎从NF11/12阶段开始进行72h暴露.结果表明,6μgSn/L暴露组胚胎的存活率比对照组降低了83％,3.5 μgSn/L及以上质量浓度的TPT暴露使胚胎的体长减少16％～35％,2.25μgSn/L及以上质量浓度暴露组胚胎的总畸形率均达100％.畸形现象主要包括眼睛异常,躯干拉长,泄殖腔突出,鳍变窄或消失,尾巴弯曲和皮肤色素减少等.在所有畸形表型中,TPT对鳍的影响最突出.暴露组胚胎的尾鳍宽度比对照组减少了17％ ～ 100％,并呈现明显的剂量效应关系.因此,TPT能抑制热带爪蟾胚胎的生长,并具有极强的致畸性,能特异性地阻碍爪蟾鳍的形成.