基于堆肥技术的城市生活垃圾综合处理研究

对城市生活垃圾的处理进行了探讨.以垃圾的资源化为方向,提出了基于堆肥技术的城市生活垃圾综合处理技术.并对堆肥技术和堆肥产品作了探讨.     

日本秋田市污泥堆肥中心与MPF工艺系统

介绍了日本秋田市污泥堆肥中心项目概况、MPF工艺系统、生产运行与销售情况,其20余年积累的数据资料,包括肥效、重金属含量、处理及销售量统计、施用标准,对今后我国污泥堆肥产业发展具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的变化

利用实际城市生活垃圾,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的动态变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,有机碳、富里酸、全氮、酸水解性有机氮含量均有不同程度的降低,与堆肥前相比,降低幅度分别为53.00%、64.73%、21.78%、22.80%.而腐殖质、胡敏酸、氨基酸态氮则分别在堆肥的第35d达到最低点,而后呈逐渐增加的趋势.酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮在堆肥的第21d达到最高峰.堆肥过程中,腐殖质与胡敏酸、酸水解有机态氮与全氮含量显著相关.胡敏酸的红外光谱分析结果表明,堆肥后胡敏酸分子的芳构化程度明显增强.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥及垃圾专用肥对柑桔增产效应

城市生活垃圾堆肥及垃圾堆肥配制的专用肥对柑桔的肥效实验结果表明，垃圾堆肥作为基肥使用比常规施肥能使柑桔增产１２．４％－１４．５％，比空白对照增产７４．７％，施用垃圾专用肥的柑桔产量比常规施肥增产４．２％－５０．３％，比空白对照增产５８．４％－１２９．０％。施垃圾肥柑桔的营养成份（如维Ｃ，还原糖等）和常规施肥没有明显差异，也未发现重金属对桔子的污染。     

提高猪粪和城市垃圾堆肥质量的菌种选择

室内发酵菌剂筛选试验的结果表明 :细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)、彩色云芝 (Polystictusversicol or)和假单胞杆菌属 (Pseudomonassp .) 3种菌剂对促进猪粪、城市垃圾腐熟最有利。在有机肥发酵过程中 ,除臭作用最明显的分别是绿色木霉 (Trichodermaviride)、青霉属真菌 (Penicilliumsp .- 1)和细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)菌剂。     

简便、快速、低成本处理畜禽粪便的方法研究

提出了一种简便、快速、低成本进行畜禽粪便堆肥化处理的方法。该方法利用三面墙式水泥地,池底用竹笆架空,进料口用竹笆堵挡,以增加氧气供应,并用半熟腐堆肥进行水分调节。堆肥温度上升快、温度高、水分蒸发量大、发酵迅速,一次发酵时间可缩短至2～3周,适合于我国中小型养殖企业采用。     

石灰预处理对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响

以树叶干质量的0%、1.00%、2.50%和4.00%的石灰预处理树叶,24h后分别将预处理后的树叶与鸡粪联合堆肥,研究不同用量石灰预处理树叶对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。试验在自制的堆肥反应器内进行,采用间歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期59d的堆肥试验。结果表明:石灰预处理树叶24h可以有效的降低树叶中的有机质质量分数,以4.00%的石灰预处理的树叶其有机质降幅达6.00%;石灰预处理24h后,各处理pH相差不大;EC的变化与pH相似;预处理前后,各处理总氮、总磷和总钾的质量分数相差不大。用石灰预处理后的树叶堆肥有利于堆肥有机质的降解,尤以2.50%石灰预处理的效果最好;有利于堆肥w(C)/w(N)的降低,其降低幅度与石灰用量成正比;有利于减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,且氮素损失与石灰使用量呈反比;有利于堆肥NH4 -N质量分数的降低;提高堆肥终产品NO3--N的质量分数,其质量分数与石灰用量呈正比;有利于堆肥中钾的浓缩;对堆肥的pH、EC、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和总磷的影响不大。综合考虑试验结果后认为,以4.00%石灰预处理的效果最为理想。     

Influence of fertilizer and sewage sludge compost on yield and heavy metal accumulation by lettuce grown in urban soils

Previous research has demonstrated that many urban soils are enriched in Pb, Cd and Zn. Culture of vegetable crops in these soils could allow transfer of potentially toxic metals to foods. Tanya lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in pots of five urban garden soils and one control agricultural soil to assess the effect of urban-soil metal enrichment, and the effect of soil amendments, on heavy metal uptake by garden vegetables. The amendments included NPK fertilizer, limestone, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, and two rates of limed sewage sludge compost. Soil Cd ranged from 0.08 to 9.6 mg kg^–1; soil Zn from 38 to 3490 mg kg^–1; and soil Pb from 12 to 5210 mg kg^–1. Lettuce yield on the urban garden soils was as great as or greater than that on the control soil. Lettuce Cd, Zn and Pb concentrations increased from 0.65, 23, and 2.2 mg kg^–1 dry matter in the control soil to as high as 3.53, 422 and 37.0 mg kg^–1 on the metal-rich urban garden soils. Adding limestone or limed sewage sludge compost raised soil pH and significantly reduced lettuce Cd and Zn, while phosphate fertilizer lowered soil pH and had little effect on Zn but increased Cd concentration in lettuce. Urban garden soils caused a significant increase in lettuce leaf Pb concentration, especially on the highest Pb soil. Adding NPK fertilizer, phosphate, or sludge compost to two high Pb soils lowered lettuce Pb concentration, but adding limestone generally did not. On normally fertilized soils, Pb uptake by lettuce was not exceptionally high until soil Pb substantially exceeded 500 mg kg^–1. Comparing garden vegetables and soil as potential sources of Pb risk to children, it is clear that the risk is greater through ingestion of soil or dust than through ingestion of garden vegetables grown on the soil. Urban dwellers should obtain soil metal analyses before selecting garden locations to reduce Pb risk to their children.     

Heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by DTA chelating

Seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating were investigated. With EDTA application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. The enrichment coefficients of Lolium perenne L(L) and Festuca arundinacea L(F) to Cr reached 9.45 and 6.15 respectively. In the range of EDTA dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing EDTA level. There were significant differences in remediation of different metals by applying EDTA. L had high ability to accumulate Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn, showing better remediation to heavy metals of rubbish compost.In contrast, F showed high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Low EDTA level increased aboveground net primary production (ANP) of turfgrass, but EDTA would considerably inhibit it when EDTA was higher than 20 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the optimum dosage of EDTA for remediating heavy metals in rubbish compost by turfgrass was between 10 mmol/kg and 20 mmol/kg.     

Vegetation dynamics after compost amendment in a Mediterranean post-fire ecosystem

On Mediterranean calcareous soils, high fire frequency induces soil impoverishment and the development of stable Quercus coccifera garrigues. Organic amendment could increase soil fertility levels, and could alter the vegetation dynamics and the established dominance relationships. In this study, the plant cover evolution is monitored in an amended burnt shrub during two years. Three treatments are studied: control (D0), 50 t ha⁻¹ (D50) and 100 t ha⁻¹ (D100) of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes.First, the spreading process leads to the squashing of the vegetation, whose intensity reaches a threshold on D100 and limits the woody species’ recovery after amendment. Consequently, the dominant herb Brachypodium retusum is favoured. On D50, woody species are favoured compared to herbs, probably due to the space colonization strategy of Q. coccifera after squashing. Thus, compost at both rates favours the two dominant resprouter species until they have colonized all the free space created by squashing.Secondly, compost has some fertilizing effects on Rosmarinus officinalis and Ulex parviflorus, that improves their cover on D50. However, compost also increases U. parviflorus’ sensitivity to drought.At the end of the experiment, a third compost effect appears, as seeder cover becomes greater than D0 on D50. After amendment, compost covers rocky stones, which creates a new territory where species with superficial rooting can establish (mulch effect).