A-B工艺处理以高浓度有机废水为主的城市污水

A B工艺的进水主要以高浓度有机废水为主 ,溶解性的CODCr成分高且难以生物降解 ,高有机负荷和极端pH的冲击经常发生。根据进水水质的特点并结合A B工艺独特的优越性 ,合理地控制A段的运行参数 ,最大限度地挖掘A B工艺的潜力 ,保证A段的处理效果和出水的稳定性 ,为B段稳定运行创造好的条件。     

稀释倍数法测定污水色度的方法

研究选择了有代表性的6种色调的污水样品为研究对象,系统比较了不同色调、不同人员、不同稀释方法对测定结果的影响。选用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、紫6种不同色调的样品进行测定,绿色、蓝色和黄色的测定结果分散在2个倍数之间,其中绿色的集中度高达84%。红色、橙色、紫色分散在3个倍数之间,紫色的集中度高达100%。对比自然倍数稀释法、偶数倍稀释法和2n倍稀释法,这3种方法同时测定红色调的样品,其测定结果的区间是相同的,集中区域内的人员分别占总人数的71%、83%和94%。结果表明:用1名实验人员使用自然倍数稀释法对样品进行单次分析作为色度测定的方法是有效的。     

Sampling and Analysis of Organic Compounds in Diesel Particulate Matter

The fraction of atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) is partitioned between the gaseous and particulate phases. Certain of these compounds eg. polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives have been shown to exhibit mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. Emissions from diesel engines are an important source of these contaminants. In a dilution chamber, we studied a diesel engine emissions. It is shown firstly, that the gaseous fraction is predominant (by up to 20 times) with respect to the particulate phase. Secondly, the polar compounds, neglected in the majority of previous studies, are the predominant species. A test campaign was carried out in Paris-Porte d'Auteuil which yielded similar results to the laboratory experiments.     

固定源PM_(2.5)稀释采样器的研制

为研究固定源PM2.5的排放特征,研制开发了一套紧凑型稀释采样器,能模拟高温烟气排放到大气中的冷却、稀释、凝结等物理化学过程,采集固定源排放的一次PM2.5.稀释采样器主要的技术参数如下:稀释比在20∶1~50∶1范围内,在稀释器里的停留时间为10 s,稀释后的烟气温度和相对湿度分别小于42℃和50%,满足ISO 25597:2013的要求.稀释采样器的性能评价实验表明,稀释器气密性良好,稀释空气中颗粒物浓度低,气流混合均匀性良好,细颗粒在采样器内的损失小,表明稀释采样器可靠性高,适合于对固定源排放PM2.5的采集.     

生化需氧量质控样品的测定方法研究

生化需氧量是在规定条件下,微生物分解存在水中的某些可氧化物质,特别是有机物所进行的生物化学过程中消耗溶解氧的量。生化需氧量质控样品的测定是检验一个化验员合格与否的重要依据,对于验证环境监测结果的准确性、精密性起着关键作用。而质控样品的测定与日常污水样品的测定是两个不同的概念,为了使初学者对质控样品的测定有一个直观的了解,详细叙述了质控样品的测定全过程。通过大量实验数据的采集,从实际出发证明该方法可靠有效。     

生物膜贴壁培养小球藻净化猪粪沼液废水的效果

微藻处理猪粪沼液废水是一项污水资源化生物技术.本文以小球藻为研究对象,通过贴壁培养方式,对稀释不同倍数的猪粪沼液废水进行净化处理同时提取藻细胞油脂,旨在探究小球藻贴壁培养处理猪粪沼液废水的效果,分析小球藻耐受猪粪沼液废水的氨氮浓度.将猪粪沼液废水分别稀释1倍(原水)、2倍、5倍、10倍制成培养基.测定贴壁培养小球藻对各处理组猪粪沼液废水中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除效率及对重金属铜、锌、铁的富集效果,同时探究小球藻的油脂合成情况.结果表明,当猪粪沼液废水稀释5倍时,贴壁小球藻对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的净化效果最佳,其去除效率分别为:86.8%、94.1%、85.2%、84.3%;油脂含量高达32.7%;对重金属铜、锌、铁的去除效率分别为:72.9%、70.0%、73.0%;培养一个周期结束时生物产率达到4.21 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).该研究将微藻与难处理的猪粪沼液废水深度净化进行了有效的结合,为实现藻类生物燃料工艺生产及降低废水处理成本提供理论基础.     

化学需氧量现有2种标准分析方法若干问题研究

《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(HJ 828—2017)和《高氯废水化学需氧量的测定氯气校正法》(HJ/T 70—2001)是测定水中COD_(Cr)现有有效的2种标准方法。针对这2种方法存在的问题,通过实验给出操作建议。指出,对高氯废水稀释后采用《HJ 828—2017》方法测定水中COD_(Cr)时,稀释倍数太大或稀释后COD_(Cr)质量浓度20 mg/L,将降低测定结果的准确度;采用《HJ/T 70—2001》方法测定高氯废水中COD_(Cr)时,硫酸亚铁铵浓度应为0.10 mol/L;《HJ 828—2017》方法中高、低质量浓度分界点建议从50 mg/L改为60 mg/L,试验结果可行且对部分行业排放标准适用性更好;鉴于低浓度样品的精密度结果相对偏大,建议按照COD_(Cr)的浓度大小分级设定精密度的质控要求,更加科学合理。     

Methods of Compliance Evaluation for Ocean Outfall Design and Analysis

Sewage discharge from an ocean outfall is subject to water quality standards, which are often stated in probabilistic terms. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been used in the past to evaluate the ability of a designed outfall to meet water quality standards or compliance guidelines associated with sewage discharges. In this study, simpler and less computer-intensive probabilistic methods are considered. The probabilistic methods evaluated are the popular mean first-order second-moment (MFOSM) and the advance first-order second-moment (AFOSM) methods. Available data from the Spaniard's Bay Outfall located on the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada, were used as inputs for a case study. Both methods were compared with results given by MCS. It was found that AFOSM gave a good approximation of the failure probability for total coliform concentration at points remote from the outfall. However, MFOSM was found to be better when considering only the initial dilutions between the discharge point and the surface. Reasons for the different results may be the difference in complexity of the performance function in both cases. This study does not recommend the use of AFOSM for failure analysis in ocean outfall design and analysis because the analysis requires computational efforts similar to MCS. With the advancement of computer technology, simulation techniques, available software, and its flexibility in handling complex situations, MCS is still the best choice for failure analysis of ocean outfalls when data or estimates on the parameters involved are available or can be assumed.     

THE DILUTION/FLUSHING TECHNIQUE IN LAKE RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: Dilution/flushing has been documented as an effective restoration technique to restore eutrophic Moses and Green Lakes in Washington State. The dilution water added to both lakes was low in nitrogen and phosphorus content relative to the lake or normal input water. Consequently, lake nutrient content dropped predictably. Dilution or flushing rates were about ten times normal during the spring-summer periods in Moses Lake and three times normal on an annual basis in Green Lake. Improvement in quality (nutrients, algae, and transparency) was on the order of 50 percent in Moses Lake and even greater in Green Lake. The facilities for supplying dilution water were largely in place for the cited lakes; thus, costs for water transport were minimal. Available facilities, and therefore, costs, for water transport would usually vary greatly, however. Achieving maximum benefit from the technique may be more limited by availability of low nutrient water rather than facilities costs. Quality improvement may occur from physical effects of algal cell washout and water column instability if only high nutrient water is available.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定大气降尘中的几种重金属

本文介绍了大气降尘中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰、镍、钴八种重金属的分析方法，以及共存离子对上述重金属测试时的干扰及其抑制干扰的方法。并提出了表示大气降尘中重金属量的三种浓度概念即容量浓度、重量浓度及降金属量的不同物理意义。