阿哈水库沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫高分辨率空间分布特征

选取贵州典型高原亚深水型湖库阿哈水库为研究对象,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术获取夏季分层期不同湖区沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫的原位、二维高分辨分布信息,并结合水化学及沉积物磷形态分析,探讨了沉积物P-Fe-S分布规律及控制因素.结果表明:沉积物-水界面DGT-P的浓度变化范围0.00~0.43 mg·L~(-1),DGT-Fe的浓度变化范围0.00~2.83 mg·L~(-1),DGT-S的浓度变化范围0.00~0.10 mg·L~(-1).阿哈水库沉积物孔隙水磷、铁、硫浓度在垂向分布上没有显著的相关性,DGT-P、DGT-Fe甚至还呈反向变化,这与很多湖泊的研究结果存在明显差异,其原因可能是阿哈水库沉积物具有很高的Fe/P和Fe/S比值,过剩的Fe导致还原态S以FeS/FeS_2形式沉淀后,P仍然被Fe(Ⅲ)固定在沉积物中.阿哈水库沉积物磷形态以Na OH-SRP和BD-P为主,Na OH-SRP含量变化范围为192~604 mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为392 mg·kg~(-1),BD-P含量变化范围为143~524mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为225 mg·kg~(-1).阿哈水库底层水体长期处于厌氧环境,Fe、S地球化学循环对沉积物内源磷释放起着重要控制作用.     

Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide in a lake water

Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide(COS),carbon disulfide(CS_2) and dimethyl sulfide(DMS) was intensively studied in the water from the Aohai Lake of Beijing city.The lake water was found to be highly supersaturated with COS,CS_2 and DMS,with their initial concentrations of 0.91 ± 0.073 nmol/L,0.55 ± 0.071 nmol/L and 0.37 ± 0.062 nmol/L,respectively.The evident photochemical production of COS and CS_2 in the lake water under irradiation of 365 nm and 302 nm indicated that photochemical production of them might be the reason for their supersaturation.The similar dependence of wavelength and oxygen for photochemical production of COS,CS_2 and DMS implied that they might be from the same precursors.The water cage effect was found to favor COS production but inhibit CS_2and DMS formation,indicating that COS photochemical production was mainly from direct degradation of the precursors and the formation of CS_2 and DMS needed intermediates via combination of carbon-centered radicals and sulfur-centered radicals.The above assumptions were further confirmed by simulation experiments with addition of carbonyls and amino acids(cysteine and methionine),and the photochemical formation mechanisms for COS,CS_2 and DMS in water were derived from the investigations.     

Decolorization of Methyl Orange by a new clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: Synergetic effect, efficiency optimization and mechanism

In this study, a novel nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite material was successfully synthesized using a low-cost natural clay, “Hangjin 2^# clay” (HJ clay) as the support and tested for the decolorization of the azo dye Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solution by nZVI particles. According to the characterization and MO decolorization experiments, the sample with 5:1 HJ clay-supported nZVI (HJ/nZVI) mass ratio (HJ-nZVI5) showed the best dispersion and reactivity and the highest MO decolorization efficiency. With the same equivalent Fe⁰ dosage, the HJ-nZVI1 and HJ-nZVI5 samples demonstrated a synergetic effect for the decolorization of MO: their decolorization efficiencies were much higher than that achieved by physical mixing of HJ clay and nZVIs, or the sum of HJ clay and nZVIs alone. The synergetic effect was primarily due to the improved dispersion and more effective utilization of the nZVI particles on/in the composite materials. Higher decolorization efficiency of MO was obtained at larger HJ-nZVI dosage, higher temperature and under N₂ atmosphere, while the MO initial concentration and pH were negatively correlated to the efficiency. HJ clay not only works as a carrier for nZVI nanoparticles, but also contributes to the decolorization through an “adsorption-enhanced reduction” mechanism. The high efficiency of HJ-nZVI for decontamination gives it great potential for use in a variety of remediation applications.     

A zero-valent iron and organic matter mixture enhances herbicide and herbicide degradation product removal in subsurface waters

The pesticide atrazine,its degradation products,and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide(BAM) are persistent in groundwater environment.We studied whether their dissipation can be enhanced with a mixture of a complex carbon source and zero-valent iron(ZVI) called EHC.The application rates were 1.0% and 2.0%(by weight) in subsurface sediments slurries(atrazine 30 mg/L),and 2.0% in 1.5 m pilot-scale sediment columns with groundwater flowing through(atrazine 0.08,desethylatrazine DEA 0.03,BAM 0.02 μg/L).In the slurries under aerobic conditions,atrazine of 0.88 ± 0.14 mg/g of EHC was dissipated chemically,as concentrations did not differ significantly between the slurries and their sterilized controls.No degradation occurred in the slurries under anaerobic conditions.In the pilot-scale columns under water-saturated conditions,atrazine,DEA and BAM were not detected in effluents during 33,64 and 64 days from the beginning of the water flow through EHC columns,respectively,but thereafter traces of compounds could be detected.No atrazine or degradation products(BAM,DEA,deisopropylatrazine,desethyldeisopropylatrazine) could be extracted from the column sediments at the end of the experiment.As a result,the sum of dissipated pesticides was about7.6 μg/g of EHC in columns under water-saturated conditions,and 0.88 mg/g of EHC in slurries under aerobic conditions.EHC can be used to enhance the dissipation of studied pesticides in small quantities,preferentially under aerobic conditions.     

改性纳米零价铁对稻田土壤As污染的修复效能

为实现对稻田土壤As污染的高效修复,通过制备C-NZVI(壳聚糖基稳定化纳米零价铁),分析其对还原态亚砷酸〔As(Ⅲ)〕的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,阐明典型竞争性阴离子/分子对C-NZVI吸附As(Ⅲ)效率的影响;在此基础上,重点研究淹水和拮抗性肥料对稻土As的强化溶出效应,揭示C-NZVI对稻土液相As的异位吸附去除与原位补充钝化作用.结果表明:准一级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的吸附过程特征,该材料对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为145.09 mg/g;当竞争性K₂HPO₄、H₃BO₃、Na₂SiO₃和CH₃COOH的摩尔浓度为0.05~0.50 mmol/L时,C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的去除率依然高达99%.在对稻田土壤进行淹水和依次施用NH₄H₂PO₄、(NH₄)₂C₂O₄、Na₂SiO₃三种拮抗性肥料条件下,稻土中累积溶出w(水溶态As)(18.1 mg/kg)达到土壤w(As)的30.0%;对强化溶出反应后的淹水稻土进行排水并利用C-NZVI对各步分离获得的含As液相进行异位吸附,As去除率为91.3%~99.8%,该过程使稻土中w(As)减少43.4%~52.6%;进一步利用1%和5%的C-NZVI对强化溶出后的稻土进行补充钝化,可使稻土中w(非专性吸附态As)降低94.7%~100%.研究显示,淹水强化条件下,利用C-NZVI对稻田土壤As污染进行异位去除与原位钝化的联合修复可为有效减控稻田土壤As生物有效性提供有益途径.      

典型钢铁企业VOCs污染特征及SOA生成潜势估算

为了解钢铁企业的大气污染特征,使用在线监测仪器于2016年7月对某典型钢铁企业VOCs（挥发性有机化合物）、PM_2.5和NMHC（非甲烷烃）等污染物进行观测,同时基于FAC（气溶胶生成系数）估算了该区域的SOA（二次有机气溶胶）生成潜势.结果表明:观测期间ρ（总VOCs）为（106.08±63.81）μg/m3,与ρ（NMHC）（以C计）的相关系数（R2）达到了0.8（P < 0.05）以上;VOCs中主要类别为烷烃和芳烃;ρ（O₃）超标期间的ρ（苯）和ρ（甲苯）分别比ρ（O₃）未超标时间段高47.0%和37.2%,并且高ρ（总VOCs）期间芳烃占比高达46.0%,这可能与钢铁企业在炼焦时苯系物（苯、甲苯和二甲苯）排放有关.ρ（总VOCs）、ρ（NMHC）、ρ（烷烃）、ρ（芳烃）和ρ（乙炔）均呈早晚高峰值的日变化特征,而ρ（烯烃）由于异戊二烯受天然源排放影响,呈午间单峰值的特征.观测期间的SOA生成潜势为2.54 μg/m3,较城区高出76.4%,显示钢铁企业SOA对PM_2.5具有一定贡献;其中芳烃对SOA生成贡献高达97.2%,主要贡献组分包括苯、间/对-二甲苯、乙苯、苯、邻-二甲苯.研究显示,钢铁企业VOCs污染治理应重点控制苯系物,同时烷烃的排放也不容忽视.      

纳米零价铁还原溴代阻燃剂的进展研究

地表水、地下水和土壤污染是当今社会人类生存面临的主要问题.由于溴代阻燃剂的广泛应用以及它们的难降解性、毒性和蓄积性等特性,成为水体和土壤的严重污染源.纳米零价铁比表面积大、还原性强、价格低廉且毒性小,通过零价铁有效还原转化来降低溴代阻燃剂的毒性是一项有前景的环境修复技术.对纳米零价铁的制备、改性和环境应用进行了介绍,系统探讨了纳米零价铁还原溴代阻燃剂的研究成果和现状,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

基于反硝化脱氮的硫铁复合填料除磷机制

为提高硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步除磷效果,对比研究了不同填料和耦合微生物后的除磷效果,分析了微生物耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步实现除磷的机制.结果表明与单纯海绵铁填料比较,硫磺与海绵铁复合填料除磷效率提高30%,达到95%以上,出水磷含量可降至0.1 mg·L~(-1)以下.X射线衍射(XRD)和总铁浓度分析表明,硫铁复合填料除磷系统反应产物主要为FeOOH、FeS和Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3固体物质和溶解性铁离子,产生于海绵铁的腐蚀和除磷过程;腐蚀产生的Fe~(2+)及Fe~(3+)的水解产物FeOOH和Fe S通过吸附沉淀作用将PO_4~(3-)转化为Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3去除.微生物耦合硫铁炭复合填料反应器运行稳定后,TN、TP去除率分别在90%左右和83%以上;硫自养反硝化产生的H~+和生物铁作用也可以促进海绵铁腐蚀和除磷过程,体系将"异养协同自养"复合反硝化与化学除磷有机结合,实现了城市污水处理厂尾水高效反硝化脱氮同步除磷的目的.     

纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的试验研究

以四氯化碳为目标污染物,研究了不同因素对自制纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的影响,并对反应产物及可能的反应路径进行了探讨.结果表明,自制纳米零价铁对四氯化碳有很好的降解效果.在pH=3和30℃的条件下,当初始四氯化碳浓度为2.0 mg·L~(-1),纳米零价铁浓度为1.0 g·L~(-1)时,去除率高达96.7%.纳米零价铁降解四氯化碳的酸碱适应范围较大(pH值3~9).随着温度升高和纳米零价铁投加量的增大,四氯化碳降解率显著提高.该反应符合一级动力学,且反应活化能较低,反应易于进行.     

硅藻泥包埋纳米零价铁处理含铬废水的研究

采用环境友好型矿物材料硅藻泥(Diatom Mud)包埋纳米零价铁(nZVI)得到复合材料(D-nZVI),分别用XRD、SEM和TEM对样品分析表征.同时,通过考察D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量、投加量、含Cr(VI)废水浓度、p H值、处理时间等对Cr(VI)去除率的影响,进一步研究了反应动力学等.结果表明,在25℃的条件下,D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量为20%时,D-nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率要高于nZVI.p H值较低时D-nZVI的处理效果更好,并且含Cr(VI)废水的浓度越高,去除率越低,投加量增多和反应时间越长,Cr(VI)的去除率越高.当D-nZVI的用量为16 g·L-1,Cr(VI)废水浓度为10 mg·L-1,p H=3时,Cr(VI)的去除率达99%.从SEM和TEM样品分析结果可以看出,硅藻泥表面有很多小而均匀的小孔,较好地包埋或附着在纳米零价铁的表面上,起到了很好的抗氧化作用,为D-nZVI吸附、还原和共沉淀降解Cr(VI)提供了有力依据.