缺氧MBBR耦合部分厌氧氨氧化强化城市生活污水深度脱氮

缺氧MBBR是强化传统城市污水处理系统脱氮的一种方法,本研究通过向城市污水后置反硝化SBR中投加填料构建了缺氧双污泥系统,实现了城市生活污水部分厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮.在250d的运行中脱氮性能逐渐提高并实现稳定,出水总氮在5 mg·L~(-1)左右. 211～250 d的平均硝氮、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为(97. 7±2. 9)%、(93. 3±2. 9)%和(94. 3±2. 7)%.长期运行中观测到氨氮和硝氮的同步去除.针对氨氮去除途径进行分析,系统同化、硝化作用微弱.缺氧MBBR中存在厌氧氨氧化活性且对脱氮有不可忽视的作用.实时定量PCR结果进一步说明缺氧MBBR中厌氧氨氧化菌富集,特别是缺氧填料生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌丰度由初始的4. 37×10~7copies·g~(-1)增长到了2. 28×10~(10)copies·g~(-1).本研究表明缺氧填料生物膜在厌氧氨氧化的富集强化城市污水深度脱氮中或许具有可应用的潜能.     

Analysis of behavioral changes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to formaldehyde using Self-organizing map and a hidden Markov model

Two computational methods were applied to classification of movement patterns of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to elucidate Markov processes in behavioral changes before and after treatment of formaldehyde (0.1 mg/L) in semi-natural conditions. The complex data of the movement tracks were initially classified by the Self-organizing map (SOM) to present different behavioral states of test individuals. Transition probabilities between behavioral states were further evaluated to fit Markov processes by using the hidden Markov model (HMM). Emission transition probability was also obtained from the observed variables (i.e., speed) for training with the HMM. Experimental transition and emission probability matrices were successfully estimated with the HMM for recognizing sequences of behavioral states with accuracy rates in acceptable ranges at central and boundary zones before (77.3-81.2%) and after (70.1-76.5%) treatment. A heuristic algorithm and a Markov model were efficiently combined to analyze movement patterns and could be a means of in situ behavioral monitoring tool.     

From the outside in: The negative spillover effects of boundary spanners' relations with members of other organizations

Contrary to much boundary spanning research, we examined the negative consequences of boundary spanning contact in multi‐organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 833 Dutch peacekeepers show that employees' boundary spanning contact with members of other organizations was associated with reports of negative relationships with external parties (e.g., work‐specific problems, culture‐specific problems). These negative relationships also had a spillover effect such that they mediated the effect of boundary spanning contact on boundary spanners' negative attitudes toward their own jobs and organization (e.g., job attractiveness and confidence in the organization). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气溶胶辐射效应对气象和环境影响的观测与模拟研究

选取2015年和2019年不同代表年份,结合外场观测和数值模拟,分析了天津地区不同季节不同天气(晴天、多云、霾)下,气溶胶辐射效应对整层大气透过率和地表入射太阳辐射的影响,以及这种影响在不同年份的差异.借助WRF-Chem模式模拟分析了重污染期间气溶胶辐射效应对垂直方向上气象要素廓线、边界层结构以及PM_2.5浓度的反馈机制.结果表明:霾污染可导致大气透过率明显下降,春、秋、冬不同季节,霾污染导致中午大气透过率分别下降0.09,0.11和0.09.全年平均霾污染可导致大气透过率降低约15.5%.云量的增多也可导致大气透过率明显下降,多云天气下大气透过率相比晴天减小约22.4%.霾和云对大气透过率的影响还与太阳高度角有关,当太阳高度角>60°时,霾污染导致大气透过率下降8.6%.随污染等级提高,气溶胶对太阳辐射的衰减作用也越强,天津地区空气质量分别为Ⅰ～Ⅰ级时,中午地表入射短波辐射呈稳定下降趋势,依次为484,446,439,342,328和253W/m².重污染期间,气溶胶辐射效应导致大气低层(250m以下)降温(0.8℃)增湿(3.8%...     

基于地理标记照片的入境游客空间特征与移动轨迹——以南京市为例

随着互联网与社交媒体的兴起,用户分享内容中的地理标记数据成为旅游流研究的重要对象。以南京入境旅游流空间特征为研究对象,以2010—2018年Flickr平台内南京地理标记照片为基础,利用DBSCAN算法、ArcGIS 10.2等方法与技术探究南京入境旅游热点区域、游客移动轨迹特征及模式。研究结果显示：（1）南京入境游客访问峰值出现在3-6月及10月,以一日游为主。（2）南京AOI空间分布差异明显,历史城区是南京入境旅游最热门区域,其AOI分布与旅游景区、商业购物等相关产业空间高度重合;中心城区的AOI分布数量次之,钟山风景区是其热度核心,深受热衷历史文化的游客追捧;郊区的AOI分布数量最少,基本与当地旅游景区相吻合。（3）单日游和多日游的游客移动轨迹网具有显著差异性,分别体现在网络范围、网络体系、旅游对流及转移差值4个方面。（4）南京入境游客移动轨迹模式可划分为区域内部移动轨迹模式和区域间移动轨迹模式。根据上述研究结果,分别针对历史城区、中心城区及郊区提出相应的发展建议。     

东亚春季边界层臭氧的数值模拟研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPMS)对2004年4月东亚边界层(距地面.km以下)臭氧进行了数值模拟.并评估了东亚边界层光化学反应的活性.结果表明.东亚春季臭氧呈带状分布,其高值.〔φ(O3)>55×10-9.主要集中在30°N～40°N.受东亚季风气候控制.沿蒙古、中国东北以及日本一线有一强臭氧输送通道.输送通量达3×10-.mol/(m2·s).通过计算边界层O3光化学净生成率可知.光化学影响主要集中在高污染源排放地区.其与水平输送对臭氧影响的分布具有负相关性.说明光化学生成的O3可被输送至下风地区,而不仅限于局地.      

阴燃中出现有焰火的理论初探

阴燃是一种自维持,不断传播的,异相反应的放热燃烧过程。典型的阴燃例子有蚝烟,地下煤矿的燃烧等。从热安全角度来看阴燃过程,不完全的氧化反应和可燃物热解都会产生很多的有毒气体,对人造成危害;另外在一定的条件下,阴燃还会突然转化为有焰火,进行更猛烈的燃烧,造成更大的破坏。     

Experimental study of recirculating flows generated by lateral shock waves in very large channels

Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around the separated boundary layer.     

气象激光雷达的城市边界层探测

为了研究城市边界层结构变化特征,2005年7月利用气象激光雷达在南京城区做了城市边界层探测试验,就此次观测试验作了简要叙述并选取部分观测资料为示例,着重对气象激光雷达确定城市边界层高度垂直分布及逐时变化以及地面气象环境对边界层的日变化影响进行了初步分析.结果表明,主要由近地层对流混合形成的城市边界层高度具有典型的日变化特点,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低到高再到低的变化过程.提出了一种由边界层混合状态确定边界层高度的方法.分析结果表明,由气溶胶消光系数确定城市边界层高度比较准确.将MSL探测结果与同步的低空无线电探测仪的温度探测结果进行比较,结果表明,两者获得的实际廓线分布相当吻合,线性良好.就地表温度、辐射、湿度及云等气象要素对边界层垂直分布及时间变化的影响做了分析.结果表明,这些气象要素的分布对城市边界层高度的垂直分布及其逐时变化有明显影响.