陆地生态系统氮饱和监测指标及氮沉降控制研究进展

土壤和大气中存在较多的氮,但大多以稳定态的有机氮和氮气形式存在,被植物生长利用的可获得性氮素较少。工业革命以来,人口数量剧烈增长及生活方式的改变带来的化石燃料燃烧、化肥施用和畜禽养殖等活动向大气中排放了大量活性氮,提高了植物可获得性氮水平,并影响到陆地生态系统氮循环和碳循环。长期的氮沉降在全球多个地区引起了氮饱和问题,使得全球工业发达地区及其周边陆地生态系统面临退化风险,我国所在的东亚地区逐步成为继欧洲和北美之后的第三大氮沉降区。严峻的事实及不断加重的氮沉降污染趋势,迫使我们亟需借鉴发达国家的经验以开展相关研究。文章综述了从20世纪80年代起在氮饱和研究中采用的多种氮饱和监测指标,涵盖了陆地生态系统土壤、植被、水体、气体等多个部分的最新进展。文章还总结了我国氮饱和研究的现状,并提出了一些改进措施,以期对我国开展氮沉降观测、氮沉降模拟实验及氮沉降控制有所借鉴。     

盐渍土电阻率试验研究

为了更深入的了解土体电阻率的特性,使其在理论与工程应用上发挥作用,对甘肃瓜州盐渍土进行电阻率室内试验,通过控制含水率、含盐量、干密度三个因素进行正交测试,分别研究了电阻率随含水率、含盐量、孔隙率及饱和度的变化规律及特点。试验表明:盐渍土电阻率随含水量、饱和度的增加呈减小趋势,随孔隙率的增加而增加,在孔隙液未饱和阶段随含盐量增加而下降,在过饱和阶段变化不明显,各因素互相影响,共同作用。由室内试验获得的数据提出经验模型公式,为工程中电法勘探的结果验证与反演解释提供依据。     

基于透射光法探讨水流流速对DNAPL运移分布的影响

重非水相污染物(DNAPL)在地下水中的运移分布受多种因素控制.选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为DNAPL的代表,通过二维砂箱实验探究地下水流速对DNAPL运移分布的影响.采用透射光法(LTM)监测DNAPL在砂箱内的运移行为并定量分析DNAPL的饱和度,进而采用空间矩分析DNAPL污染羽的平均运移行为随时间的变化.结果表明,透射光法分析得到的DNAPL计算体积与实际注入体积有良好的相关性(R20.98),LTM的测量精度较高,可准确反映DNAPL的入渗行为和再分布过程.DNAPL饱和度和污染羽一阶矩(质心)的分析结果表明,流速的增加能够促进DNAPL在水平和垂直方向的运移使得运移路径倾斜,且其对DNAPL垂向入渗的促进作用更为明显;污染羽二阶矩(展布)的分析结果显示流速的增加还提高了DNAPL在横向和垂向的扩散速度,导致污染区域增大.实验过程中,DNAPL的饱和度直方图在较小地下水流速下始终呈单峰分布,在较大地下水流速下则逐渐呈双峰分布,且流速越大,两个峰值的间距越大.     

Soil Acidity Parameters and Defoliation Degree in Six Norway Spruce Stands in Finland

Soil acidity parameters (pH, basesaturation, exchangeable Al) in the organic and mineralsoil layers and in soil water (pH, dissolved organiccarbon, total Al, Al³⁺ and molar Ca/Al ratios) insix Norway spruce stands in different parts of Finlandwere compared. An attempt was also made to relate thedegree of defoliation in the tree stand to N and Sdeposition and soil parameters. No relationship was foundbetween soil acidity parameters and defoliation in thesix stands. Defoliation was positively correlated withstand age and the C/N ratio of the organic layer, andnegatively with the cation exchange capacity. The plotlocated on a so-called sulphate soil on the west coast ofFinland had very low soil pH values, and extremely highAl and SO₄ ^2- concentrations and molar Ca/Alratios of well below 1.0 in soil water. Despite the highnatural acidity in the soil on this plot, defoliation inthe spruce stand was the lowest (mean 8.6%) of all sixplots. The results of this study indicate that soilacidity is not a major factor affecting stand conditionin these spruce stands, and that the variation in soilacidity parameters is closely related to climatic factorsand natural soil formation processes.     

浅析热水锅炉爆炸的热力学机理与预防

对热水锅炉爆炸事故的热力学机理进行详尽的分析基础上，提出了相应的预防及其解决问题的办法。     

三峡库区渝巴公路马道子滑坡岸段动态风险评价

水库区公路岸坡属大型线性工程,其灾害评价主要涉及沿线两侧一定宽度范围,总体呈线状或条带状;库水升降及降雨作用,可引起岸坡地下水位的波动,从而导致岸坡稳定性的变化,这一过程是一个动态变化过程;基于以上认识,以三峡库区渝巴公路马道子滑坡段为例,根据线性工程风险评价的特点,采用地下水浸润线简化求解公式,并按照滑坡动态稳定性的理念,对该公路岸坡段的动态风险进行了初步评价,并对治理必要性进行了分析,结果与实际相符。     

SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATIONS TO VARIATIONS IN THE HALF SATURATION CONSTANTS1

ABSTRACT In many impoundment dynamic water quality models, the growth of two or more ecologic groups of phytoplankton may be simulated. These ecologic groups are differentiated by growth rates, temperature tolerances, settling rates, and the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constants for necessary nutrients. In this investigation, the effect of variations in the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient when two competing ecologic groups of algae are simulated is examined. In an idealized case, it is demonstrated that uncertainty in the half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient for one ecologic group of algae can significantly affect the simulation results and in some cases could lead to a poorly designed impoundment restoration program.     

A SATURATION-BASED MODEL OF RELATIVE WETNESS FOR WETLAND IDENTIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: A wetness index that was derived from Beven's distributed hillslope runoff model and based on the concept of relative wetness is introduced as a wetland identification and mapping tool. Data requirements are modified to make the model suitable for use by managers and field agents. The model predicts the relative propensity of any point or small area within a landscape unit to become saturated. This allows an index of relative wetness to be produced. Points on the landscape can then be assigned values of relative wetness. The index has potential utility for: (1) providing more detailed information on wetness conditions than binary (wetland-nonwetland) classification systems now in use; (2) assisting in wetland identification when field indicators are absent or ambiguous; (3) application in dryland environments where common wetland indicators are largely irrelevant; and (4) broad-scale wetland mapping in a geographic information systems environment using existing digital topographic and soils databases.     

A Conceptual Model of Spatially Heterogeneous Nitrogen Leaching from a Welsh Moorland Catchment

Soil- and stream-water data from the Plynlimon research area, mid-Wales, have been used to develop a conceptual model of spatial variations in nitrogen (N) leaching within moorland catchments. Extensive peats, in both hilltop and valley locations, are considered near-complete sinks for inorganic N, but leach the most dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Peaty mineral soils on hillslopes also retain inorganic N within upper organic horizons, but a proportion percolates into mineral horizons as nitrate (NO ₃ ^– ), either through incomplete immobilisation in the organic layer, or in water bypassing the organic soil matrix via macropores. This NO ₃ ^– reaches the stream where mineral soilwaters discharge (via matrix throughflow or pipeflow) directly to the drainage network, or via small N-enriched flush wetlands. NO ₃ ^– in hillslope waters discharging into larger valley wetlands will be removed before reaching the stream. A concept of catchment nitrate leaching zones is proposed, whereby most stream NO ₃ ^– derives from localised areas of mineral soil hillslope draining directly to the stream; the extent of these zones within a catchment may thus determine its overall susceptibility to elevated surface water NO ₃ ^– concentrations.     

污染排放造成的外部性分析及其对资源配置的影响

污染排放对环境造成了外部不经济性,本文对环境的外部不经济性的起因进行了分析,并对由此引起的资源配置失误作了详细解释。还提出了一些意见来减少外部不经济性,从而达到资源的优化配置。