NaCl盐度对耐盐活性污泥沉降性能及脱氮的影响

针对海水冲厕工程的实施,采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理实际含盐生活污水,考察了盐度对耐盐活性污泥沉降性能及脱氮效能的影响。研究发现,经过长期盐度驯化后的污泥系统也会出现丝状菌污泥膨胀。在经过10 g/L盐度长期驯化的污泥系统中,污泥容积指数(SVI)随着盐度的升高而降低,盐度升高使丝状菌减少,污泥絮体变小变密实。但是,盐度降低时会引发更严重的污泥膨胀,导致污泥流失。对脱氮性能的研究表明,硝化菌的耐盐能力较强。当盐度由10 g/L改变为0、5、15、20 g/L时,氨氮去除率依然可以维持在99%以上。但亚硝酸盐积累率无论是盐度升高或降低时都升高,这表明驯化后污泥中的亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)对盐度变化的耐受能力比氨氧化菌(AOB)弱,无论盐度升高或降低都会对其产生较大的影响。     

温度、水分和盐度对转基因耐草甘膦大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了探明转CP4-EPSPS(5-烯醇丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶)基因是否会对大豆种子及幼苗的抗逆性产生影响,进而为转基因耐草甘膦大豆的环境安全评价提供科学依据,通过室内试验研究了温度、水分和盐度对转基因耐草甘膦大豆ARG、受体大豆n-ARG及我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在种子萌发阶段,ARG对高温胁迫和水分胁迫的抗性显著低于n-ARG和苏豆3号;ARG对盐分胁迫的抗性与n-ARG没有显著差异,但抗性明显弱于苏豆3号。幼苗生长阶段,在温度胁迫(高温40℃,低温15℃)和水分胁迫(渍水和干旱)条件下,ARG在株高增长量和生物量方面都没有表现出优势,相反,在某些方面反而抗性更弱。例如,在轻度干旱胁迫(相对含水量55%)条件下,ARG地上部干重明显小于n-ARG。ARG对盐分胁迫的抗性也弱于n-ARG及我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号。总之,与非转基因受体大豆n-ARG和我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号相比,转基因耐草甘膦大豆ARG在温度、水分和盐度逆境条件下的竞争性和入侵性不强。     

The effects of groundwater table and flood irrigation strategies on soil water and salt dynamics and reed water use in the Yellow River Delta, China

Vegetation management in shallow groundwater table environments requires an understanding of the interactions between the physical and biological factors that determine root-zone soil salinization and moisture. In this study, the effects of groundwater depth and flood irrigation strategies on water and salt dynamics and reed water use were analyzed in the shallow groundwater region of the Yellow River Delta in China using the HYDRUS-1D model. The results indicated that there is a conflict between water, salt stress, and reed water use with variations in groundwater depth. A water table depth of 3.5 m is the minimum limit to maintain a safe level of soil salinity, but at this depth, the environmental stress on reeds is worsened by the decrease in soil water storage. Maintaining the flood pulses on the wetland, especially during May, may be critical for restoring the reed wetland in the Yellow River Delta.     

高温高湿高盐环境雷达典型部件腐蚀分析

目的研究雷达典型部件长期工作在高温、高湿、高盐雾等环境下腐蚀情况的影响机理。方法提出在该环境下对雷达典型部件多场耦合的仿真计算方法,以计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT为平台,建立雷达典型部件的有限元模型,对雷达典型部件进行仿真模拟分析。结果得到了雷达典型部件的温度、湿度和盐度分布云图和综合环境腐蚀云图,从腐蚀云图可以看出,部件表面腐蚀程度在0.6 mm以上,腐蚀程度比较严重,仿真结果与实际检测结果较为吻合。从分布云图可知,单一的温度或盐度因素对部件表面的腐蚀情况影响较小,湿度对其影响较为显著。结论验证了仿真计算方法的合理性和正确性,为雷达典型部件的动力学仿真,为其腐蚀现象的进一步研究及预防提供了理论指导。     

江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区互花米草对水盐梯度的生态响应

为探究江苏滨海湿地环境因子与互花米草生态特征的关系及水分梯度和盐分梯度对互花米草生态特征的影响,于2020年10月,选取江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区滨海湿地互花米草为研究对象,测定了互花米草的株高、生物量、密度、盖度及土壤水分、土壤盐分、pH、土壤容重.结果 表明:①土壤水分和土壤盐分是影响互花米草生态特征的重要环境因...     

高盐度废水处理技术研究进展

高盐度废水中含有大量的溶解性物质,无机盐类在微生物生长过程中可以促进酶反应、保持持膜平衡和调节渗透压,但盐浓度过高,使离子强度大,会造成质壁分离、细胞失活,一般微生物难以在其中生长、繁殖,所以传统的生物难以处理高盐度废水。介绍了高盐废水的来源、组成及特点,综述了5种高盐度废水的出来方法,分别为电解法、焚烧法、膜-生物技术、适盐生物法、臭氧催化氧化-生物法,并重点阐述了适盐生物技术及臭氧催化氧化-生物法技术在高盐度废水处理中的应用。     

盐度对EGSB反应器的运行及厌氧颗粒污泥的影响

高盐废水通常含有高COD浓度,难以处理,引用具有耐盐性能的生物反应器处理高盐废水成为必要.使用模拟高盐废水在3.267 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的COD容积负荷下,将Cl~-浓度逐步从0提升至10 000 mg·L~(-1),研究盐度对膨胀颗粒污泥床(expanded granular sludge bed,EGSB)反应器的影响.结果表明,Cl~-浓度小于7 500 mg·L~(-1)时,对微生物的抑制作用较低;Cl~-浓度为7 500 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器的COD去除率能保持在98.1%左右,容积产气率能够基本保持在1.3 m~3·(m~3·d)~(-1)以上,大粒径的厌氧颗粒污泥仍然占据体系的主体;当Cl~-浓度为10 000 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器中的厌氧颗粒污泥受到严重影响.采用高通量测序技术对0和5 000 mg·L~(-1)两个Cl~-浓度下的厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物菌群结构进行分析,结果表明,盐度影响了微生物的种群分布,在5 000 mg·L~(-1)的Cl~-浓度下,主要的优势菌属由Cl~-浓度为0时的Methanoregula与Longilinea变为Methanobacterium、Methanospirillum、Methanothrix和Paludibacter.     

盐度条件下ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器颗粒污泥微生物群落

采用高通量测序技术探究了0、15和30 g·L^-1盐度条件下稳定运行ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的微生物群落变化.结果发现,进水盐度提升至15 g·L^-1及30 g·L^-1后,反应器脱氮性能呈现小幅下降,随运行时间延长脱氮性能均可恢复.反应器性能稳定后,3种盐度条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度依次为10.33%、20.90%和35.87%,其中Candidatus Kuenenia属为优势属.浮霉状菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门丰度占总体比例较高且累计丰度超过了80%,为反应器的优势菌门.盐度条件下,浮霉状菌门丰度增加,变形菌门丰度降低,绿弯菌门丰度相对稳定.电镜扫描显示盐度条件下颗粒污泥表面有大量丝状菌和胞外聚合物.盐度条件下反硝化菌丰度提高,增强了反硝化协同脱氮,绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门微生物丰度的提高有利于维持颗粒污泥结构稳定,好氧微生物及反硝化菌的存在也有利于维持反应器内部厌氧水平.这些结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌经驯化可适应盐度,盐度条件下伴生菌对厌氧氨氧化菌功能的发挥提供了支撑.     

三效蒸发器在高含盐废水处理中的应用

在分析各种高含盐废水处理技术的基础上,介绍了三效蒸发器脱盐法,它具有技术成熟、可处理废水范围广、占地面积小、处理速度快、节能等优点,在国内具有较大的发展前景。该技术在实际工程应用中,还存在一些难点,如处理成本高、设备使用寿命短、需要蒸气量大等,亟待解决。     

Modeled Sources,Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States1

Anning, David W., 2011. Modeled Sources, Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1087‐1109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00579.x Abstract: Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area‐normalized reach‐catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km² for catchments with little or no natural or human‐related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km² for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved‐solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved‐solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil‐pore or sediment‐pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km² for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila‐Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Salton Sea accounting unit.