SALINITY INCREASES IN THE NAVAJO AQUIFER IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH1

ABSTRACT: Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Nava-jo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the lsmay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.     

Environmental impact assessment in the association of southeast Asian Nations

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations has agreed that environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources are essential for sound economic development. The Environmental Impact Assessment is viewed as an important management tool and an ASEAN Experts Group on the Environment has been working for several years on a model especially adapted to the region and also on case studies of the implementation of EIA. Progress so far has been frustratingly slow due to misunderstanding, a lack of ecological data, inadequate trained manpower and institutional shortcomings for compliance. The author advocates collaboration on an ASEAN model for performing EIA as a means of accelerating acceptance and implementation. The concept of Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management is proposed as a prototype.     

城市红树林生态系统健康评价与管理对策——以粤港澳大湾区为例

为解明粤港澳大湾区城市红树林生态系统健康状况,基于PSR (压力-状态-响应)模型和层次分析法,构建了城市红树林生态系统健康评价指标体系,对大湾区的香港米埔、深圳福田、广州南沙和珠海淇澳岛4个典型城市红树林进行生态系统健康评价,识别健康问题并提出管理对策.结果表明:红树林生态系统健康指数(EHI)为淇澳岛(3.05,健康)>米埔(3.03,健康)>南沙(2.54,亚健康)>福田(2.13,亚健康).就压力指标而言,米埔和福田红树林的自然压力源为病虫害和生物入侵,人为压力源为人口、经济相关指标及城镇生活污水排放,福田还受到工业废水排放的压力.就状态指标而言,红树林受海水营养盐污染严重,南沙和淇澳岛红树林存在严重的有机污染和重金属污染;红树植物多样性(除南沙红树林外)和大型底栖动物生物多样性偏低,但鸟类生物多样性处于较高水平.就响应指标而言,福田和南沙红树林由于面积小而生态服务功能偏低,南沙红树林的管理水平不足.粤港澳大湾区城市红树林存在的主要健康问题包括生态失衡导致的病虫害与生物入侵、受纳外源污染导致的环境污染、栖息地破坏导致的生物多样性下降的共性问题及自身特征与管护水平差异导致的其它个性问题.针对上述健康问题,建议:以缓解生态失衡为目标高效监测并推广基于自然法则的生态恢复,以源头控制为根本整体改善环境质量,以保护生物多样性为重点提高红树林生态系统稳定性,因地制宜充分发挥城市红树林经济-社会-生态效益.     

A system dynamics model for the management of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850) in the Bay of Arcachon (France)

The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850) is one of the mollusc species that, driven mainly by the shellfish market industry, has extended throughout the world, far beyond the limits of its original habitat. The Manila clam was introduced into France for aquaculture purposes, between 1972 and 1975. In France, this venerid culture became increasingly widespread and, since 1988, this species has colonised most of the embayments along the French Atlantic coast. In 2004, this development resulted in a fishery of ca. 520 t in Arcachon Bay.     

2010-2019年粤港澳大湾区甲醛柱浓度时空分布及影响因子研究

基于Aura卫星OMI传感器的甲醛逐日数据,开展了2010—2019年粤港澳大湾区对流层甲醛垂直柱浓度的时空变化研究,并应用气象、植被和社会经济数据,对甲醛柱浓度变化的影响因子进行了分析.结果表明:2010—2019年粤港澳大湾区甲醛柱浓度呈波动起伏的变化特征,季节均值变化趋势与年度均值变化趋势相似,秋季季节浓度均值最高,其后依次为春季、夏季、冬季;在空间上,2010—2019年甲醛柱浓度均呈现自西北向东南逐渐降低的趋势,在甲醛柱浓度变化趋势上,粤港澳大湾区大部分区域呈现缓慢增加的趋势;针对不同土地覆盖类型,春季,绿地上空甲醛柱浓度高于建筑用地与耕地,夏、秋、冬季,建筑用地上空甲醛柱浓度略高;在空间分布稳定性上,受地形、土地覆盖类型和气象条件影响,西北部稳定性较强,南部珠江入海口处稳定性较弱;自然因子和人为因子对甲醛柱浓度的增长都有一定的贡献,其中,生产总值、汽车保有量、能源消耗量等人为因子对甲醛柱浓度的影响更为显著.     

Impact of industrial wastewater disposal on surface water bodies in Mostord area north Greater Cairo

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｏｆｓｕｐｒｅｍｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｉｎａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉ ａｒｉｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ.Ｉｎｓｕｃｈｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗａｔｅｒｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙｓｃａｒｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｎｄｐｌａｎｎｅｒｓａｒｅｆｏｒｃｅｄｔｏｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｎｙｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆｗａｔｅｒｗｈｉｃｈｍｉｇｈｔｂｅｕｓｅｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｌｙａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｔｏｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｆｕｒｔｈ…     

粤港澳大湾区PM2.5本地与非本地污染来源解析

粤港澳大湾区（简称"大湾区"）建设是我国新时代重大国家战略之一.虽然大湾区空气质量在我国处于领先地位，但与世界先进湾区相比还有较大差距.制定大湾区PM_2.5精细化防控策略，需要在识别大湾区各城市PM_2.5污染来源的基础上，量化PM_2.5本地和非本地贡献及时空变化规律.基于此，本研究首次在大湾区15个站点同步开展持续一年的PM_2.5采样和组分分析，并将正定矩阵因子分析模型与后向轨迹结合，建立一种定量识别PM_2.5本地与非本地贡献的新方法.通过对大湾区不同季节所属空气域进行划分，厘清大湾区各城市PM_2.5本地与非本地贡献的动态化特征.结果发现，在2015年，大湾区15个站点共解析出9种PM_2.5污染源，分别为机动车、重油、老化海盐、扬尘源、二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐、金属冶炼、生物质燃烧和新鲜海盐.其中，二次硫酸盐和机动车是大湾区最主要的两个PM_2.5污染源.不同站点非本地贡献占比为51%~72%，表明外来传输是大湾区 PM_2.5污染的主要来源.内陆和沿海站点污染源的本地与非本地贡献差异较为显著，主要原因是气象条件和排放特征的差异.值得注意的是，2015年大湾区超过一半的时间处于同一个空气域，而有43%的时间处于两个不同空气域.进一步在每个季节划分空气域，发现大湾区处于两个空气域时，秋、冬季节沿海站点易形成单独的空气域，此时非本地贡献较强（68%~72%）；春季内陆站点易形成单独的空气域，此时本地贡献较强（94%）.基于对PM_2.5本地和非本地贡献变化情况的定量识别，能够为大湾区各城市制定动态的PM_2.5排放控制策略提供科学支撑.     

Assessing spatial equality of urban green spaces provision: a case study of Greater Doha in Qatar

Greater Doha is experiencing lack of sufficient urban green spaces (UGS) as a result of rapid urbanisation to cater for the fast population growth in the country. The availability of green spaces and the improvement of the green/built-up area ratio have been recognised by planners as a key factor in improving the life quality of city dwellers. This study aims at addressing the adequacy and spatial distribution of public parks in Greater Doha. The current status of public parks is assessed in relation to the population distribution using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The results show that the majority of administrative zones fell well below the adopted public parks standards. The park provision ratio ranged from 0 and 0.03 through 0.43 and 0.48 to 0.92 and 0.99 hectare (ha) per 1000 population, with an average of 0.37. After quantifying this deficiency in UGS, the study suggest remedy by identifying vacant parcels in each zone to match the adopted standards, taking into consideration their spatial distribution and minimum area criteria.     

High level of nickel tolerance and metal exclusion identified in silver maple (Acer saccharinum)

Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are the most prevalent metals found in the Greater Sudbury Region ecosystems. The main objectives of this study are to (1) assess silver maple (Acer saccharinum) tolerance to different doses of Ni and (2) determine the translocation pattern of metals in A. sacharinum. This study revealed that A. sacharinum is highly tolerant to high doses of NI (1600 and 9200?mg/kg). Growth chamber screening trials revealed that Ni is stored in roots and does not translocate to other plant parts. Analysis of samples from A. sacharinum growing for >30 years in soil contaminated with metals also showed that the levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Ni, and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher in roots compared with soils and aerial parts. On the other hand, the amount of Cu was higher in soil compared with roots and other plant parts. In fact, the bioaccumulation factors (BFs) were 0.29, 2.00, 3.6, 1.9, and 4.0 for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The translocation from roots to aerial parts showed an insignificant level of movement of Cu, Fe, and Ni. Hence, A. saccharinum is classified as excluder for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and avoider for Cu.     

Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup

We collected female greater scaup (Aythya marila) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during two breeding seasons to determine if concentrations of 18 trace elements in livers and eggs were elevated and if hepatic concentrations correlated with body condition or affected reproductive status. Fifty-six percent, 5%, and 42% of females, respectively, had elevated hepatic cadmium (Cd: >3 μg g⁻¹ dry weight [dw]), mercury (Hg: >3 μg g⁻¹ dw), and selenium (Se: >10 μg g⁻¹ dw). Somatic protein and lipid reserves were not correlated with hepatic Cd or Hg, but there was a weak negative correlation between protein and Se. Hepatic Cd, Hg, and Se were similar in females that had and had not initiated egg production. In a sample of six eggs, 33% and 100%, respectively, contained Se and Hg, but concentrations were below embryotoxicity thresholds. We conclude that trace element concentrations documented likely were not adversely impacting this study population.